tm2211613-3_424b3 - none

Filed Pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3)

Registration No. 333-260911

PROSPECTUS

UP TO 370,530,280 CLASS A ORDINARY SHARES

BABYLON HOLDINGS LIMITED

Our Class A ordinary shares, $0.0000422573245084686 par value per share (“Class A Ordinary Shares” or “ordinary shares”) are currently traded on the New York Stock Exchange (“NYSE”) under the symbol “BBLN.” Our warrants trade on the NYSE under the symbol “BBLN.W.” Our Class A Ordinary Shares and our warrants began trading on the NYSE on October 22, 2021. On April 27, 2022, the last reported sale price of our Class A Ordinary Shares on the NYSE was $1.36 per Class A Ordinary Share.

We have two classes of authorized ordinary shares, Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B ordinary shares, $0.0000422573245084686 par value per share (“Class B Ordinary Shares”). The Class B Ordinary Shares have the same economic terms as the Class A Ordinary Shares, but each Class B Ordinary Share has fifteen (15) votes per share while each Class A Ordinary Share has one (1) vote per share. Dr. Ali Parsadoust, our founder and Chief Executive Officer, holds all of the Class B Ordinary Shares outstanding and, combined with the Class A Ordinary Shares held by him, Dr. Ali Parsadoust’s ownership represents 83.1% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock.

We have filed a registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part with respect to an aggregate of 370,530,280 Class A Ordinary Shares held (or that may be held upon exercise of warrants or conversion of Class B Ordinary Shares) by the shareholders identified herein. Holders of all such ordinary shares are identified in this prospectus as the Registered Holders (the “Registered Holders”) and the ordinary shares offered hereby as the Registered Shares (the “Registered Shares”). The Registered Holders may, or may not, elect to sell Registered Shares as and to the extent that they may individually determine. See the section entitled “Plan of Distribution.” We are not offering any ordinary shares for sale under this prospectus and will not receive any proceeds from any sale of Registered Shares by Registered Holders under this prospectus.

We are an “emerging growth company” as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012, and are therefore eligible to take advantage of certain reduced reporting requirements otherwise applicable to other public companies.

We are also a “foreign private issuer,” as defined in the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”) and are exempt from certain rules under the Exchange Act that impose certain disclosure obligations and procedural requirements for proxy solicitations under Section 14 of the Exchange Act. In addition, our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and “short-swing” profit recovery provisions under Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Moreover, we are not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.

Neither the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, the Jersey Financial Services Commission nor any state securities commission has approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.

Investing in our ordinary shares involves a high degree of risk. Before buying any ordinary shares you should carefully read the discussion of material risks of investing in such securities in “Risk Factors” beginning on page 19 of this prospectus.

The date of this prospectus is April 29, 2022.

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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS

This prospectus is part of a registration statement on Form F-1 that we filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”). The Registered Holders may, from time to time, sell the securities offered by them described in this prospectus. We are not offering any ordinary shares for sale under this prospectus and will not receive any proceeds from the sale of Registered Shares by such Registered Holders under this prospectus.

Neither we nor the Registered Holders have authorized anyone to provide you with different or additional information, other than that contained in this prospectus or in any free writing prospectus prepared by or on behalf of us or to which we may have referred you, and neither we nor they take any responsibility for, or provide any assurance as to the reliability of, any other information that others may give you. Neither we nor the Registered Holders are making an offer to sell ordinary shares in any jurisdiction where the offer or sale thereof is not permitted. You should not assume that the information contained in this prospectus is accurate as of any date other than the date on the front cover of this prospectus, regardless of the time of delivery of this prospectus or any sale of our ordinary shares.

We may also provide a prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment to the registration statement to add information to, or update or change information contained in, this prospectus. You should read both this prospectus and any applicable prospectus supplement or post-effective amendment to the registration statement together with the additional information to which we refer you in the section of this prospectus entitled “Where You Can Find More Information.”

For investors outside the United States: Neither we nor the Registered Holders have taken any action to permit the possession or distribution of this prospectus in any jurisdiction other than the United States where action for that purpose is required. Persons outside the United States who come into possession of this prospectus must inform themselves about and observe any restrictions relating to the ordinary shares and the distribution of this prospectus outside the United States.

We are a company incorporated under the laws of the Bailiwick of Jersey, Channel Islands, a British crown dependency. Under the rules of the SEC, we are currently eligible for treatment as a “foreign private issuer.” As a foreign private issuer, we are not required to file periodic reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as domestic registrants whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act.

Unless otherwise indicated or the context otherwise requires all references to the term the “Company,” “company,” “Babylon” “we,” “us,” “our” and similar terms refer to Babylon Holdings Limited, together with its subsidiaries.

TRADEMARKS, TRADE NAMES AND SERVICE MARKS

This document contains references to trademarks, trade names and service marks belonging to other entities. Solely for convenience, trademarks, trade names and service marks referred to in this prospectus may appear without the ® or TM symbols, but such references are not intended to indicate, in any way, that the applicable licensor does not assert, to the fullest extent under applicable law, its rights to these trademarks and trade names. We do not intend our use or display of other companies’ trade names, trademarks or service marks to imply a relationship with, or endorsement or sponsorship of us by, any other companies.

INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

Unless otherwise indicated, information contained in this prospectus concerning Babylon’s industry and the regions in which it operates, including Babylon’s general expectations and market position, market opportunity, market share and other management estimates, is based on information obtained from various independent publicly available sources and reports provided to us, and other industry publications, surveys and forecasts. We have not independently verified the accuracy or completeness of any third-party information. Similarly, internal surveys, industry forecasts and market research, which we believe to be reliable based upon its management’s knowledge of the industry, have not been independently verified. While we believe that the market data, industry forecasts and similar information included in this prospectus are

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SUMMARY

This summary highlights selected information from this prospectus. It may not contain all of the information that is important to you. You should carefully read the entire prospectus and the other documents referred to in this prospectus before making an investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares. You should carefully consider, among other things, our consolidated financial statements and the related notes and the sections titled “Risk Factors,” “Business,” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included elsewhere in this prospectus. For additional information, see “Where You Can Find More Information” in this prospectus.

Overview

We are a leading digital-first, value-based care company. Founded in 2013, our mission is to make high-quality healthcare accessible and affordable for everyone on Earth. We believe we are poised to reengineer the global healthcare market to better align system-wide incentives and to shift the focus from reactive sick care to preventative healthcare, resulting in better member health, improved member experience and reduced costs. To achieve this goal, we are leveraging our highly scalable, digital-first platform combined with high quality clinical operations and affiliated provider networks to provide an integrated, end-to-end healthcare solution. We combine artificial intelligence and broader technologies with human expertise to deliver modern healthcare. Through the devices people already own, we offer millions of people globally ongoing, always-on care.

We monetize our products and services in three primary ways:

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Value-Based Care (“VBC”), in which we manage a defined subset or the entire medical costs of a member population and capture the cost savings. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, 68.4%, 32.9%, and 0.0%, respectively, of our revenue was derived from VBC arrangements.

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Software Licensing, in which we predominantly sell our digital suite of products to partners who may provide care through their own medical networks. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, 18.6%, 31.0%, and 12.5%, respectively, of our revenue was derived from software licensing.

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Clinical Services, in which our affiliated providers deliver medical consultations, typically on a fee-for-service (“FFS”), or a combination of capitation fee and FFS basis under a risk-based agreement. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, 13.0%, 36.1%, and 87.5%, respectively, of our revenue was derived from clinical services.

As of December 31, 2021, our VBC, software and/or clinical service offerings supported patients in 15 countries. We have scaled our VBC offering rapidly over the last year to become one of the largest VBC networks in the United States, with 166,518 U.S. VBC members as of December 31, 2021, and we expect to remain focused on U.S. growth. Our company has built a technology-enabled platform and capability which we have leveraged in some of the most challenging healthcare environments globally. The major milestones of our business are listed below:

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2013: Founded by our Chief Executive Officer, Dr. Ali Parsadoust.

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2014: Became the first digital-first health service provider to be registered with the CQC, the healthcare services regulator and inspector in England. In response to primary care doctor shortages in the United Kingdom, Babylon contracted with the National Health Service (the “NHS”) to offer a technology platform to improve accessibility to primary care and to doctors, proving out the ability to tackle accessibility with high quality in a very advanced U.K. healthcare market.

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2015: Began providing clinical services through our virtual care platform, offering diagnoses, advice and treatments via medical professionals to patients on a remote basis.

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2016: First expanded outside the United Kingdom, launching in Rwanda. We sought to prove our model in a more challenging environment and partnered with the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the government of Rwanda, a country with limited resources and infrastructure for healthcare.

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2017: Made our technology available for licensing to corporate and institutional clients.

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2018: Launched our agreement with Prudential in Asia, and since then have been rolling out our Symptom Checker and Health Assessment solutions across 11 countries in Asia.

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2018: Launched our partnership with TELUS Health, a healthcare provider in Canada and a subsidiary of TELUS Corporation (“TELUS”), the Canadian parent holding company of various telecommunication and other subsidiaries. TELUS agreed to use our platform to deliver digital health services across Canada through a joint venture named Babylon Health Canada Limited. We sold Babylon Health Canada Limited to TELUS in January 2021 and entered into a seven-year agreement to license our white-labeled digital platform to TELUS Health, allowing TELUS Health to provide integrated clinical services to members through a TELUS-branded version of the Babylon digital platform.

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2020: Entered the U.S. market with a clinical services network and formed our first end-to-end digital, integrated VBC service, Babylon 360. Babylon 360 has since expanded in the U.S. and is being introduced in the U.K. through our agreement with The Royal Wolverhampton NHS Trust (“RWT”).

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2021: Became a public company in the United States, with our Class A Ordinary Shares and warrants listed on the NYSE, upon completing our merger (the “Business Combination”) with Alkuri Global Acquisition Corp. (“Alkuri”), a special purpose acquisition company, on October 21, 2021. In addition, we completed a private placement of our Class A Ordinary Shares to certain investors for an aggregate purchase price of $224 million (the “PIPE Investment”).

We have also completed strategic investments, acquisitions, and divestitures in recent years that have helped improve our ability to deliver our products and services:

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DayToDay. In October 2019, we purchased a majority stake in Health Innovators Inc. (d/b/a DayToDay) (“DayToDay”). On December 20, 2021, we issued 247,112 Class A Ordinary Shares to the owners of DayToDay, pursuant to a Stock Purchase Agreement, dated as of September 27, 2021, as consideration for our purchase, on November 16, 2021, of the remaining equity stake in DayToDay. The DayToDay acquisition is intended to bolster our product offering by providing patient management for acute care episodes.

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Higi. On May 15, 2020, we acquired 10.2% of the fully diluted capital stock of higi SH Holdings Inc. (“Higi”). Through a series of investments, we then increased our shareholdings in Higi to 25.3% on a fully diluted basis. On December 7, 2021, we exercised our option to acquire the remaining equity interest in Higi pursuant to the Second Amended and Restated Agreement and Plan of Merger, dated October 29, 2021 (the “Higi Acquisition Agreement”). The closing of this acquisition occurred on December 31, 2021. The exercise price of the option to acquire the remaining Higi equity stake included the payment of $4.6 million in cash and the issuance of 3,412,107 Class A Ordinary Shares at the closing, the payment of $5.4 million at the closing to satisfy the principal and interest payable by a subsidiary of Higi pursuant to a promissory note in favor of ALP Partners Limited (“ALP”), an entity owned by our founder and Chief Executive Officer, the future payment of up to $0.3 million and issuance of up to 490,782 additional Class A Ordinary Shares after the expiration of a 15-month indemnification holdback period, and the issuance of 1,980,000 restricted stock units for Higi continuing employees and consultants in respect of Class A Ordinary Shares, of which 1,167,669 were vested at closing. The Higi shareholders who received our shares are subject to a lockup and were granted certain registration rights. Higi provides digital healthcare services via a network of Smart Health Stations located in the United States, and makes health kiosks found in retail pharmacies and grocery stores that provide free screenings of blood pressure, weight, pulse and body mass index. The Higi acquisition is intended to increase our reach to users and our ability to provide clinical service offerings to our customers.

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Fresno Health Care. In October 2020, we acquired certain portions of the Fresno Health Care business of First Choice Medical Group (together, “FCMG”) for $25.7 million. This acquisition was intended to advance the growth of our value-based care services, by transitioning members to digital- first tools that will enable members to access our virtual care network in conjunction with the existing physical access to services.

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Babylon Health Canada Limited. On January 14, 2021 we entered into a Share Purchase Agreement (“SPA”) with TELUS for the sale of the Babylon Health Canada Limited business. The entire

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issued share capital of Babylon Health Canada Limited was transferred to TELUS for a base price of CAD$1.8 million, which has been adjusted for working capital and net indebtedness. A further CAD$3.5 million payment was made by TELUS that was attributable to a partial repayment of an intercompany loan due from Babylon Canada to Babylon Partners Limited. The remaining amount of the intercompany loan was forgiven immediately prior to the execution of the SPA.

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Meritage Medical Network. In April 2021, we acquired Meritage Medical Network (“Meritage”) for $31.0 million. This acquisition was intended to expand the growth of our value-based care services, by transitioning over 20,000 Medicare Advantage and Commercial HMO patients within the Meritage network to digital-first tools that will enable members to access our virtual care network in conjunction with the existing physical access to services.

Recent Developments

Business Combination with Alkuri Global Acquisition Corp. and Related Transactions

On October 21, 2021, we consummated the Business Combination with Alkuri, and executed an agreement (the “Business Combination Agreement”) pursuant to which we issued 10,973,903 Class A Ordinary Shares to the shareholders of Alkuri (not including shares issued in connection with the Sponsor Earnout Shares discussed below) and assumed warrants for the purchase of 14,558,333 Class A Ordinary Shares previously issued by Alkuri, and Alkuri became our wholly-owned subsidiary.

At the closing of the Business Combination (the “Business Combination Closing”), Alkuri merged with and into Liberty USA Merger Sub, Inc., our new wholly owned subsidiary, with Alkuri continuing as the surviving company and a wholly owned subsidiary of Babylon. Each share of Alkuri common stock (including the Alkuri common stock held by the Sponsor (as defined in the Business Combination Agreement) but excluding shares held in treasury by Alkuri) was automatically converted into the right to receive one (1) Class A Ordinary Share of Babylon. Each warrant to purchase shares of Alkuri’s common stock and right to receive shares of Alkuri common stock that was outstanding immediately prior to the effective time of the Business Combination was assumed by us and automatically converted into a warrant to purchase our Class A Ordinary Shares and a right to receive our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Immediately prior to the Business Combination Closing, we effected a reclassification whereby all of our shareholders held Class A Ordinary Shares or Class B Ordinary Shares. The Class B Ordinary Shares have the same economic terms as the Class A Ordinary Shares, but the Class B Ordinary Shares have 15 votes per share (while each Class A Ordinary Share has one vote per share).

Also in connection with the Business Combination Closing, (i) we issued to Dr. Ali Parsadoust (the “Founder”), 38,800,000 Class B Ordinary Shares (the “Stockholder Earnout Shares”), which are subject to restrictions if and until milestones based on the achievement of certain price targets of Class A Ordinary Shares following the Business Combination Closing are met, and (ii) of the 7,187,500 shares of Alkuri Class B Common Stock that were converted into 7,187,500 Class A Ordinary Shares at the Business Combination Closing, 1,293,750 of such shares (the “Sponsor Earnout Shares” and together with the Stockholder Earnout Shares, the “Earnout Shares”) are also subject to similar restrictions (based on the achievement of certain price targets of Class A Ordinary Shares following the Business Combination Closing). In the event such milestones are not met, all of the Earnout Shares will be automatically converted into redeemable shares which we can redeem for $1.00. The Sponsor and the Founder each immediately became the legal and beneficial owners of their respective Earnout Shares at the Business Combination Closing, but such shares are subject to transfer restrictions if and until the milestones are met. The Earnout Shares have all the rights and privileges with respect to Class A Ordinary Shares for the Sponsor Earnout Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares for the Stockholder Earnout Shares (including the right to vote such shares and, with respect to the Stockholder Earnout Shares, rights to receive on a current basis cash dividends or other distributions made with respect to such shares with such amounts held by Babylon in respect of the Sponsor Earnout Shares until such shares are no longer subject to transfer restrictions and the milestone requirements).

On June 3, 2021, we and Alkuri entered into the Subscription Agreements with certain accredited investors, certain Babylon shareholders, the Sponsor and affiliates of the foregoing (the “PIPE Investors”).

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Pursuant to these Subscription Agreements, we issued and sold, in private placements that closed immediately prior to the Business Combination Closing, an aggregate of 22,400,000 of our Class A Ordinary Shares for $10.00 per share. The PIPE Investment included the issuance of 500,000 Class A Ordinary Shares to VNV (Cyprus) Limited, 500,000 Class A Ordinary Shares to Black Ice Capital Limited, an affiliate of VNV (Cyprus) Limited, 500,000 Class A Ordinary Shares to Kinnevik and 200,000 Class A Ordinary Shares to ALP.

Additional Debt Financing

On October 8, 2021, Babylon entered into a note subscription agreement pursuant to which Babylon issued $200 million unsecured Notes due 2026 (the “Original Notes”) to certain affiliates of, or funds managed or controlled by, AlbaCore Capital LLP (the “Note Subscribers”) on November 4, 2021 (the “Initial Closing Date”). On December 23, 2021, Babylon entered into an additional note subscription agreement (the “Second Note Subscription Agreement”) providing for the issue of not less than $75 million and not more than $100 million unsecured Notes due 2026 (the “Additional Notes” and together with the Original Notes, the “Notes”) to AlbaCore Partners III Investment Holdings Designated Activity Company, and any new note subscribers that are affiliates of, or funds managed or controlled by, AlbaCore Capital LLP and that adhere to the Second Note Subscription Agreement. Vitality (Ireland) Financing Designated Activity Company (the “Second Note Subscriber”) adhered to the Second Note Subscription Agreement on March 16, 2022.

The closing of the issue of the Additional Notes under the Second Note Subscription Agreement, for the principal amount of $100 million (the “Principal Amount”), occurred on March 31, 2022 (the “Second Closing Date”). The Additional Notes are constituted on the terms of a supplemental deed poll that was issued by Babylon on the Second Closing Date (the “Supplemental Deed Poll”, and together with the deed poll issued by Babylon on the Initial Closing Date, the “Notes Deed Poll”).

On the Initial Closing Date, Babylon issued warrants to subscribe for an aggregate of 1,757,499 of its Class A Ordinary Shares (the “Initial AlbaCore Warrants”) to the Note Subscribers, pursuant to a warrant instrument dated November 4, 2021 (the “Original Warrant Instrument”) on a pro rata basis by reference to the relevant proportion of Original Notes subscribed for by each Note Subscriber. On the Second Closing Date, Babylon issued warrants to subscribe for an aggregate of 878,750 additional Class A Ordinary Shares to the Second Note Subscriber (the “Additional AlbaCore Warrants” and together with the Initial AlbaCore Warrants, the “AlbaCore Warrants”) and the Original Warrant Instrument was amended and restated (as so amended and restated, the “Amended and Restated Warrant Instrument”).

The proceeds from the issue of the Additional Notes will be used by Babylon for general corporate purposes. Babylon is required to pay to the Second Note Subscriber and AlbaCore Partners III Investment Holdings Designated Activity Company an amount equal to all costs and expenses properly incurred by them in connection with the negotiation, preparation and execution of the Second Note Subscription Agreement, Supplemental Deed Poll and Amended and Restated Warrant Instrument and related documentation up to a maximum aggregate amount of $125,000 (inclusive of VAT) within 30 days of the Second Closing Date.

The Additional Notes were issued at 100.00% of the Principal Amount, with an underwriting fee of 4.00% of the Principal Amount payable to the Second Note Subscriber on the issuance of the Additional Notes. The Additional Notes bear interest accruing (which for these purposes shall include any capitalized interest from time to time) at the following rates: (i) 8.00% per annum for the period commencing from (and including) the Second Closing Date to (but excluding) the date falling two years after the Initial Closing Date; (ii) 10.00% per annum for the period commencing from (and including) the date falling two years after the Initial Closing Date, to (but excluding) the date falling three years after the Initial Closing Date; and (iii) 12.00% per annum for the period commencing from (and including) the date falling three years after the Initial Closing Date. The applicable interest rate is subject to a step-up margin of 6.5 basis points per annum if Babylon and its subsidiaries do not achieve an agreed target of adding 100,000 Medicaid lives to value based care contracts by January 1, 2024.

Interest on the Additional Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears in equal installments (except, in respect of the first interest payment falling on May 4, 2022 which shall be for the period from (and including) the Second Closing Date and ending on (but excluding) May 4, 2022) on May 4 and November 4 in each

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year (each an “Interest Payment Date”), commencing with the Interest Payment Date falling on May 4, 2022. At Babylon’s election, up to 50.00% of the interest payable in respect of any interest period may be satisfied by the issuance by Babylon of further notes to be immediately consolidated and form a single series with the outstanding Notes. The Notes will mature five years from the Initial Closing Date on November 4, 2026 (the “Final Maturity Date”).

The prior written consent of Babylon is required for any transfer of Notes, subject to certain exceptions. The AlbaCore Warrants are stapled to the Notes and no transfer of the Notes may occur unless an equivalent proportion of the AlbaCore Warrants is transferred at the same time.

Babylon is required to redeem the Notes (unless previously purchased and cancelled or redeemed) on the Final Maturity Date at 100% of the principal amount on such date. Babylon may redeem the Notes at any time at a redemption amount (the “Redemption Amount”) equal to: (i) from (and including) the Initial Closing Date to (but excluding) the date falling one year after the Initial Closing Date, the amount that is the greater of (A) 104.00% of the principal amount (including capitalized interest) and (B) 104.00% of the principal amount (including capitalized interest) plus an interest make whole premium; (ii) from (and including) the date falling one year after the Initial Closing Date to (but excluding) the date falling two years after the Initial Closing Date, 104.00% of the principal amount (including any capitalized interest); and (iii) on or after the date falling two years after the Initial Closing Date and until (but not including or after) the Final Maturity Date, 107.00% of the principal amount (including any capitalized interest). Each holder of Notes (each a “Noteholder”) has the option to require Babylon to redeem the Notes held by such Noteholder at the Redemption Amount upon a “change of control” in respect of Babylon as specified in the Notes Deed Poll.

Subject to certain limitations and exceptions, the Notes Deed Poll contains covenants limiting the ability of Babylon and its subsidiaries to, among other things: incur additional debt; pay or declare dividends or distributions on Babylon’s share capital; repay or distribute any share premium reserve or redeem, repurchase or retire its share capital; incur or allow to remain outstanding guarantees; make certain joint venture investments; enter into finance or capital lease contracts; create liens on Babylon’s or its subsidiaries assets; enter into sale and leaseback transactions; pay management and advisory fees outside the ordinary course of business; acquire a company or any shares or securities or a business or undertaking; merge or consolidate with another company; borrow or receive investments from certain shareholders other than through Babylon; and sell, lease, transfer or otherwise dispose of assets. The Notes Deed Poll also contains customary events of default.

Following the issue of the Additional AlbaCore Warrants, the AlbaCore Warrants confer the right to subscribe for up to a maximum of 2,636,249 Class A Ordinary Shares exercisable on certain agreed exercise events (summarized below), subject to: (i) Babylon’s right to elect to redeem the AlbaCore Warrants in whole or in part in cash upon an exercise event; (ii) an agreed adjustment formula to reduce the number of Class A Ordinary Shares to be issued upon exercise of the AlbaCore Warrants in certain circumstances linked to Babylon’s trading performance; and (iii) customary adjustments for certain share capital reorganizations (such as share splits and consolidations).

The exercise events applicable to the AlbaCore Warrants occur: (i) on the first date following which the closing price of the Class A Ordinary Shares has equaled or exceeded $15.00 per Class A Ordinary Share (subject to customary adjustments) for any 20 trading days within any 30-trading day period commencing at least 18 months after the Initial Closing Date; (ii) where the Noteholders give a redemption notice under the Notes Deed Poll on the occurrence of a change of control in respect of Babylon; (iii) where Babylon elects to redeem the Notes prior to the Final Maturity Date in accordance with its rights to do so under the Notes Deed Poll; and (iv) on the Final Maturity Date. Upon an exercise event, the AlbaCore Warrants are exercisable in full and not in part only.

Upon any exercise event Babylon has a right to elect to satisfy the subscription entitlement in respect of the AlbaCore Warrants by issuing Class A Ordinary Shares, by making a redemption payment in cash, or by a combination of both (in such proportions as Babylon may in its absolute discretion determine). The cash redemption payment per AlbaCore Warrant shall be determined by reference to the closing price for the Class A Ordinary Shares on such date as is specified in the Amended and Restated Warrant Instrument in

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respect of each exercise event, provided that if the closing price is in excess of $15.00 per Class A Ordinary Share (subject to customary adjustments), the cash redemption payment shall be capped at $15.00 per AlbaCore Warrant.

Where Babylon elects upon exercise of the AlbaCore Warrants to issue Class A Ordinary Shares in satisfaction in whole or in part of the subscription entitlement under the AlbaCore Warrants, Babylon is required to issue one Class A Ordinary Share credited as fully paid and free from all encumbrances (except as set out in Babylon’s memorandum and articles of association from time to time) per AlbaCore Warrant held, subject to a proportionate downwards adjustment to the number of Class A Ordinary Shares to be issued per AlbaCore Warrant where the closing price of the Class A Ordinary Shares on such date as is specified in the Amended and Restated Warrant Instrument in respect of each exercise event is in excess of $15.00 per Class A Ordinary Share.

Closing of Higi and DayToDay Acquisitions

For information regarding our acquisition of DayToDay, and our acquisition of Higi, see the section titled “Summary — Overview” in this prospectus.

Corporate Information

Babylon was incorporated under the laws of Jersey, Channel Islands, on April 11, 2014 with registered number 115471. The mailing address of Babylon’s headquarters and principal executive offices is 1 Knightsbridge Green, London, SW1X 7QA, United Kingdom and Babylon’s telephone number is +44 (0) 20 7100 0762.

Our website is www.babylonhealth.com. The information on, or that can be accessed through, our website is not part of this prospectus, and you should not consider information contained on our website in deciding whether to purchase our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Summary of Risk Factors

Investing in our Class A Ordinary Shares involves risks. You should carefully consider the risks described in the “Risk Factors” beginning on page 19 before making a decision to invest in our Class A Ordinary Shares. If any of these risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially adversely affected. In such case, the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment. The following is a summary of some of the principal risks we face:

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We have a history of incurring losses, may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability, anticipate increasing expenses in the future and may require additional capital to support business growth. Additional financing may not be available on favorable terms or at all;

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Our historical operating results and dependency on further capital raising indicate substantial doubt exists related to our ability to continue as a going concern;

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If we fail to effectively manage our growth, we may be unable to execute our business plan, adequately address competitive challenges, maintain our corporate culture or grow at the rates we historically have achieved or at all;

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We may face intense competition, which could limit our ability to maintain or expand market share within our industry;

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Our existing customers may not continue or renew their contracts with us, or may renew at lower fee levels or decline to license additional applications and services from us, and significant reductions in members, per member per month (PMPM) fees, pricing or premiums under these contracts could occur due to factors outside our control;

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We are dependent on our relationships with physician-owned entities and our business could be harmed if those relationships or our arrangements with our providers or our customers were disrupted;

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Failure to maintain and expand a network of qualified providers could adversely affect our future growth and profitability;

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We may be unable to increase engagement of the individual members that interact with our platform, and even if we are successful in increasing member engagement, if are unable to realize the member healthcare cost savings that we expect, our future profitability could be adversely affected;

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A significant portion of our revenue comes from a limited number of customers, and the loss of a material contract could adversely affect our business;

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The recognition of a portion of our revenue is subject to realizing healthcare cost savings and achieving quality performance metrics, and may not be representative of revenue for future periods;

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Our claims liability estimates for medical costs and expenses are uncertain and may not be adequate, and adjustments to our estimates may unfavorably impact our financial condition. If our estimates of the amount and timing of revenue recognized under our licensing agreements and value-based care agreements with health plans are materially inaccurate, our revenue recognition could be impacted;

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Our physician partners’ failure to accurately, timely and sufficiently document their services could result in nonpayment for services rendered or allegations of fraud. Our records and submissions to a health plan may contain inaccurate or unsupportable information regarding risk adjustment scores of members;

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Reimbursement rates paid by third-party payers or federal, state or foreign healthcare programs may be reduced, and third-party payers or government payers may restrain our ability to obtain or provide services to our members;

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Regulatory proposals directed at containing or lowering the cost of healthcare, including the ACO REACH model, and our participation in such proposed models, could impact our business and results of operations;

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The market for telemedicine is immature and volatile and our digital-first approach is relatively new and unproven;

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We may not be able to develop and release new solutions and services, or successful enhancements, new features and modifications to our existing solutions and services. Our proprietary solutions may not properly operate or interoperate with our customers’ existing and future infrastructures;

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Our relatively limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects;

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If we are unable to hire and retain talent to operate our business, we may not be able to grow effectively;

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Our growth depends in part on the success of our relationships with third parties;

•

Our quarterly results may fluctuate significantly, adversely impacting the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares;

•

Risks associated with our international operations, economic uncertainty, or downturns;

•

Failure to adequately expand our direct sales force will impede our growth;

•

We may invest in or acquire other business and we may have difficulty integrating any such acquisitions successfully. We may also enter into collaborations and strategic alliances with third parties that may not result in the development of commercially viable solutions or the generation of significant future revenues;

•

Our use of open-source software could adversely affect our ability to offer our solutions and subject us to possible litigation;

•

Catastrophic events and man-made problems, and a pandemic, epidemic, or outbreak of an infectious disease, including the COVID-19 pandemic, could adversely affect our business;

•

Our sales and implementation cycle can be long and unpredictable and requires considerable time, expense and ongoing support, the failure of which may adversely affect our customer relationships;

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•

Failure to obtain or maintain insurance licenses or authorizations allowing our participation in risk- sharing arrangements with payers could subject us to significant penalties and adversely impact our operations;

•

Foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and restrictions could adversely affect our business;

•

We operate in a heavily regulated industry, and we are subject to evolving laws and government regulations;

•

The changes in tax laws in different geographic jurisdictions could materially impact our business. We may be treated as a dual resident company for United Kingdom tax purposes. The applicability of tax laws on our business is uncertain and adverse tax laws could be applied to us or our customers;

•

We may be unable to sufficiently protect our intellectual property, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology may be adversely affected. We may be subject to intellectual property infringement claims, medical liability claims or other litigation or regulatory investigations;

•

Certain of our software products could become subject to U.S. Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) oversight, and certain of our products and operations are subject to medical device regulations;

•

Cyberattacks, security breaches and other incidents, and other disruptions have compromised and could in the future compromise sensitive information and adversely affect our business and reputation. Our failure to comply with data privacy laws or to adequately secure the information we hold could result in significant liability or reputational harm. Any disruption of service at our third-party data and call centers or Amazon Web Services, or of third party infrastructure provider services, could interrupt our ability to serve customers, expose us to litigation and negatively impact our relationships with customers and members;

•

The trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares is volatile, and the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares may decline. An active trading market for our securities may not develop or be sustained. The dual class structure of our ordinary shares limits your ability to influence important transactions and has an unpredictable impact on the trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares;

•

Our status as an “emerging growth company” and a “foreign private issuer” may make our ordinary shares less attractive and affords less protection to our shareholders. We expect to lose our foreign private issuer status for 2022. As a “controlled company,” we qualify for exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements;

•

Our issuance of additional Class A Ordinary Shares will dilute all other shareholders. Future resales of our outstanding Class A Ordinary Shares could cause our share price to fall;

•

We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our Class A Ordinary Shares. Some of our management team has limited experience managing a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to public company compliance;

•

If our remediation of our identified material weaknesses is not effective, or if we fail to develop an effective internal control system, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable laws could be impaired;

•

U.S. holders that own 10% or more of our equity interests may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences. Our U.S. holders may suffer adverse tax consequences if we are classified as a “passive foreign investment company.” The Internal Revenue Service may not agree that we are a non-U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes;

•

Your shareholder rights and responsibilities are governed by Jersey law, which differs materially from U.S. companies’ shareholders rights and responsibilities. It may be difficult to enforce a U.S. judgment or to assert U.S. securities law claims outside of the United States; and

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The other matters described in the remainder of the “Risk Factors” section of this prospectus.

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Implications of Being an Emerging Growth Company and a Foreign Private Issuer

Emerging Growth Company

We are an emerging growth company as defined in the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act of 2012. We are an emerging growth company until the earliest to occur of (i) the last day of the fiscal year (A) following the fifth anniversary of the first sale of the units of Alkuri pursuant to an effective registration statement on Form S-1 under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the “Securities Act”), (B) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, or (C) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our outstanding ordinary shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30, and (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three year period.

As an emerging growth company, we may take advantage of certain exemptions from various reporting requirements that are applicable to other publicly traded entities that are not emerging growth companies. These exemptions include: (i) the option to present only two years of audited financial statements and related discussion in the section titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in this prospectus; (ii) not being required to comply with the auditor attestation requirements of Section 404(b) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002; (iii) not being required to comply with any requirement that may be adopted by the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, or PCAOB, regarding mandatory audit firm rotation or a supplement to the auditor’s report providing additional information about the audit and the financial statements (i.e., an auditor discussion and analysis); (iv) not being required to submit certain executive compensation matters to shareholder advisory votes, such as “say-on-pay,” “say-on-frequency,” and “say-on-golden parachutes”; and (v) not being required to disclose certain executive compensation related items such as the correlation between executive compensation and performance and comparisons of the chief executive officer’s compensation to median employee compensation.

In addition, the JOBS Act provides that an emerging growth company can take advantage of an extended transition period for complying with new or revised accounting standards. This allows an emerging growth company to delay the adoption of these accounting standards until they would otherwise apply to private companies.

We have elected not to opt out of, and instead to take advantage of, such extended transition period, which means that when a standard is issued or revised and it has different application dates for public or private companies, we, as an emerging growth company, can adopt the new or revised standard at the time private companies adopt the new or revised standard. This may make comparison of our financial statements with certain other public companies difficult or impossible because of the potential differences in accounting standards used.

Foreign Private Issuer

We report under the Exchange Act as a non-U.S. company with foreign private issuer status. Even after we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, as long as we qualify as a foreign private issuer under the Exchange Act, we are exempt from certain provisions of the Exchange Act that are applicable to U.S. domestic public companies, including: (i) the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; (ii) the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time; and (iii) the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q containing unaudited financial and other specific information, and current reports on Form 8-K upon the occurrence of specified significant events.

Foreign private issuers are also exempt from certain more stringent executive compensation disclosure rules. Thus, even if we no longer qualify as an emerging growth company, but remain a foreign private issuer, we continue to be exempt from the more stringent compensation and other disclosures required of companies that are neither an emerging growth company nor a foreign private issuer.

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THE REGISTERED SHARES

NYSE Symbol for our Class A Ordinary Shares

“BBLN”

Registered Shares being registered on behalf of the Registered Holders

370,530,280 Class A Ordinary Shares.

Class A Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding immediately before and after effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part

333,629,048 Class A Ordinary Shares.

Class B Ordinary Shares issued and outstanding immediately before and after effectiveness of the registration statement of which this prospectus forms a part

79,637,576 Class B Ordinary Shares.

Use of proceeds

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale by the Registered Holders of Registered Shares under this prospectus.

Voting rights

We have two classes of authorized ordinary shares: Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares. The rights of the holders of Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B ordinary shares are materially identical, except with respect to voting and conversion. The holders of Class A Ordinary Shares are entitled to one vote per share, and the holders of Class B Ordinary Shares are entitled to fifteen votes per share, on all matters that are subject to shareholder vote. Each Class B Ordinary Share may be converted into one Class A Ordinary Share and will be automatically converted into one Class A Ordinary Share upon transfer thereof, subject to certain exceptions.

Holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares and Class B Ordinary Shares will generally vote together as a single class, unless otherwise required by law or our amended and restated memorandum and articles of association. As of the effective date of the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, our Founder beneficially owns approximately 83.1% of the voting power of our outstanding capital stock and will have the ability to control the outcome of matters submitted to our stockholders for approval, including the election of directors.

Risk factors

See “Risk Factors” and the other information included in this prospectus for a discussion of factors you should consider before deciding to invest in our ordinary shares.

Unless otherwise stated in this prospectus, the number of our Class A Ordinary Shares set forth herein is as of March 31, 2022 and is based on 414,485,950 ordinary shares (consisting of both Class A and Class B Ordinary Shares) issued and outstanding. Such shares that are issued and outstanding on such date includes 5,046,059 restricted stock awards, 38,800,000 Stockholder Earnout Shares, and 1,293,750 Sponsor Earnout Shares, but excludes:

•

22,249,490 Class A Ordinary Shares issuable upon the exercise of outstanding options under our Company Share Option Plan, Long-Term Incentive Plan, and 2021 Equity Incentive Plan at a weighted-average exercise price of $1.48 per share (as of March 15, 2022);

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SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA

The tables below set forth the following summary consolidated financial data:

•

a condensed combined statement of profit and loss of Babylon for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019; and

•

a condensed combined statement of financial position amounts of Babylon as of December 31, 2021 and December 31, 2020.

We derived the summary of our results for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 from our audited consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Our consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with IFRS, as issued by the IASB. Historical results for any prior period do not necessarily indicate our results to be expected for any future period. This information should be read together with the audited historical financial statements of Babylon, including the notes thereto, as well as the disclosures contained in the sections titled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and other financial information included elsewhere in this prospectus.

Condensed Combined Statement of Profit and Loss

	For the Years Ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
	$’000		$’000		$’000
Revenue		322,921		79,272		16,034
Cost of care delivery		(289,672)		(67,254)		(19,810)
Platform & application expenses		(42,829)		(38,137)		(23,569)
Research & development expenses		(47,534)		(54,711)		(51,205)
Sales, general & administrative expenses		(196,673)		(94,681)		(84,270)
Recapitalization transaction expense		(148,722)		—		—
Operating loss		(402,509)		(175,511)		(162,820)
Finance costs		(14,291)		(4,530)		(1,116)
Finance income		326		610		1,015
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities		27,811		—		—
Exchange gain / (loss)		868		(2,836)		17,075
Net finance income (expense)		14,714		(6,756)		16,974
Gain on sale of subsidiary		3,917		—		—
Gain on remeasurement of equity interest		10,495		—		—
Share of loss of equity-accounted investees		(2,602)		(1,124)		—
Loss before taxation		(375,985)		(183,391)		(145,846)
Tax benefit / (provision)		1,474		(4,639)		5,559
Loss for the financial year		(374,511)		(188,030)		(140,287)
Loss per share
Net loss per share, Basic and Diluted		(1.36)		(0.77)		(0.58)
Weighted average shares outstanding, Basic and Diluted		271,321,235		242,935,770		241,903,166
Selected Other Data (Unaudited):
Adjusted EBITDA(1)		(174,137)		(146,155)		(152,358)

(1)

In addition to analyzing our operating results on an IFRS basis, management also reviews our results on an “Adjusted EBITDA” basis. We define Adjusted EBITDA, a non-IFRS financial measure, as profit

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(loss), adjusted for depreciation, amortization, net finance income (costs), income taxes, share-based compensation, impairment expenses, foreign exchange gains or losses, gains or losses on sale of subsidiaries, recapitalization transaction expense, change in fair value of warrant liabilities and gains on the remeasurement of equity interests. Loss for the period is the most directly comparable IFRS measure to Adjusted EBITDA. We believe that Adjusted EBITDA is a useful metric for investors to understand and evaluate our operating results and ongoing profitability because it permits investors to evaluate our recurring profitability from our ongoing operating activities. Adjusted EBITDA has certain limitations, and you should not consider it in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results of operations as reported under IFRS. We caution investors that amounts presented in accordance with our definition of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similar measures disclosed by other issuers, because some issuers calculate Adjusted EBITDA differently or not at all, limiting its usefulness as a direct comparative measure.

A reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA to IFRS loss, the closest comparable IFRS financial measure, for each of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020 and 2019 is presented in the table below.

	For the Year ended December 31,
	2021		2020		2019
	$’000		$’000		$’000
Loss for the financial year		(374,511)		(188,030)		(140,287)
Adjustments to calculate EBITDA:
Depreciation and amortization expenses.		35,004		14,487		2,496
Finance costs and income.		13,965		3,920		101
Tax (benefit) / provision		(1,474)		4,639		(5,559)
EBITDA		(327,016)		(164,984)		(143,249)
Adjustments to calculate Adjusted EBITDA:
Recapitalization transaction expense		148,722		—		—
Share-based compensation		46,307		9,557		7,966
Change in fair value of warrant liabilities.		(27,811)		—		—
(Gain) on remeasurement of equity interest		(10,495)		—		—
(Gain) on sale of subsidiary		(3,917)		—		—
Impairment expense.		941		6,436		—
Exchange loss / (gain)		(868)		2,836		(17,075)
Adjusted EBITDA		(174,137)		(146,155)		(152,358)

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Condensed Combined Statement of Financial Position Amounts

	December 31, 2021		December 31, 2020
ASSETS
Non-current assets
Right-of-use assets		7,844		2,572
Property, plant and equipment		24,990		1,334
Investments in associates		—		8,876
Goodwill		93,678		17,832
Other intangible assets		111,421		78,853
Total non-current assets		237,933		109,467
Current assets
Right-of-use assets		3,999		1,942
Trade and other receivables		24,119		13,525
Prepayments and contract assets		26,000		8,841
Cash and cash equivalents		262,581		101,757
Assets held for sale		—		3,282
Total current assets		316,699		129,347
Total assets		554,632		238,814
EQUITY AND LIABILITIES
EQUITY
Ordinary share capital		16		10
Preference share capital		—		3
Share premium		922,897		485,221
Share-based payment reserve		80,371		32,185
Retained earnings		(837,986)		(469,504)
Foreign currency translation reserve		(27)		1,675
Total capital and reserves		165,271		49,590
Non-controlling interests		—		(1,231)
Total equity		165,271		48,359
LIABILITIES
Non-current liabilities
Contract liabilities		70,396		57,274
Deferred grant income		7,236		7,488
Lease liabilities		8,442		2,011
Loans and borrowings		168,601		—
Deferred tax liability		1,019		—
Total non-current liabilities		255,694		66,773
Current liabilities
Trade and other payables		22,686		7,745
Accruals and provisions		36,856		18,636
Claims payable		24,628		3,890
Contract liabilities		23,786		18,744
Deferred grant income		1,208		—
Lease liabilities		4,190		2,488
Loans and borrowings		185		70,357
Warrant liability		20,128		—
Liabilities directly associated with the assets held for sale		—		1,822
Total current liabilities		133,667		123,682
Total liabilities		389,361		190,455
Total liabilities and equity		554,632		238,814

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RISK FACTORS

We operate in a market environment that is difficult to predict and that involves significant risks, many of which are beyond our control. You should consider and read carefully all of the risks and uncertainties described below, as well as other information included in this prospectus, including our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this prospectus, before purchasing our Class A Ordinary Shares. If any of the events, contingencies, circumstances or conditions described in the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be seriously harmed. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we do not currently believe are important to an investor, if they materialize, also may adversely affect us.

Risks Related to Our Business and Operations

We have a history of incurring losses and we may not be able to achieve or maintain profitability. We anticipate increasing expenses in the future and may require additional capital to support business growth. Additional financing may not be available on favorable terms or at all, or could be dilutive to our shareholders or impose restrictive debt covenants on our activities.

We have incurred losses for the period since our inception. We incurred losses for the period of $374.5 million, $188.0 million, and $140.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. We had an accumulated deficit of $838.0 million, $469.5 million, and $282.7 million as of December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, respectively. To date, we have financed our operations principally from the sale of our equity and revenue from our operations, as well as from recent debt financings. We have $300 million of indebtedness as of March 31, 2022, consisting of $200 million of unsecured Notes due 2026 (“Unsecured Notes”) issued to certain affiliates of, or funds managed or controlled by, AlbaCore Capital LLP (“AlbaCore Note Subscribers”) on November 4, 2021 and $100 million of additional Unsecured Notes that we issued to an additional AlbaCore Note Subscriber on March 31, 2022. Our cash flow from operations was negative for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019. We may not generate positive cash flow from operations or profitability on the timetable that we expect, and our relatively limited operating history may make it difficult for you to evaluate our current business and our future prospects, as further discussed in the risk factor “Our relatively limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects and increases the risk of your investment” below.

We have encountered and continue to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by growing companies in rapidly changing industries, including increasing expenses. We expect that our costs will increase substantially in the foreseeable future and our losses will continue, as we intend to continue to make investments to support our business growth and may require additional funds to respond to business challenges, including the need to develop new products, services or enhance our existing products or services, enhance our operations and infrastructure and pursue potential opportunities for growth through acquisitions of complementary businesses and technologies. Additionally, we expect our operating expenses to increase significantly over the next several years as we continue to invest in increasing our customer base, hire additional personnel, expand our marketing channels and expand in the United States and other new geographies. In addition to the expected costs to grow our business, we expect to incur additional legal, accounting, and other expenses as a newly public company.

These efforts and investments may prove to be more costly than we anticipate, and if we do not achieve the benefits anticipated from these investments, or if the realization of these benefits is delayed, they may not result in increased revenue or growth in our business to a level to sufficiently offset these higher expenses. If our growth rate were to decline significantly or become negative, it could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, in order to achieve these objectives, we may make future commitments of capital resources. Accordingly, we may need to engage in equity or debt financings to secure additional funds. If we raise additional funds through further issuances of equity or convertible debt securities, our existing shareholders could suffer significant dilution, and any new equity securities we issue could have rights, preferences and privileges superior to those of holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares. Any debt financing or refinancing secured by us in the future could involve additional restrictive covenants, which may make it more difficult for us to obtain additional capital and to pursue business opportunities. If we are unable to obtain adequate

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financing or financing on terms satisfactory to us, when we require it, our ability to continue to support our business growth and to respond to business challenges could be significantly limited.

If we are unable to successfully address these risks and challenges as we encounter them, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected. Our failure to achieve or maintain profitability could negatively impact the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Our historical operating results and dependency on further capital raising indicate substantial doubt exists related to our ability to continue as a going concern.

Our financial statements have been prepared assuming that we will continue as a going concern. We have incurred losses and used significant cash in operating activities since inception. For the year ended December 31, 2021, we incurred a loss for the year of $374.5 million (2020: loss of $188.0 million, 2019: loss of $140.3 million), and operating cash outflows of $145.9 million (2020: $143.4 million, 2019: $143.6 million). As of December 31, 2021, we had a net asset position of $165.3 million (2020: $48.4 million) and cash and cash equivalents of $262.6 million (2020: $101.8 million). We require significant cash resources to, among other things, fund working capital requirements, increase headcount, make capital expenditures, including those related to product development, and expand our business through acquisitions.

We have financed our operations principally through issuances of debt and equity securities and has a strong record of fundraising. However, our dependency on our ability to raise further capital in the short term and material uncertainties related to events or conditions may cast significant doubt on our ability to continue as a going concern and therefore, to continue realizing our assets and discharging our liabilities in the normal course of business. Any failure to generate additional liquidity could negatively impact our ability to operate our business.

If we fail to effectively manage our growth, we may be unable to execute our business plan, adequately address competitive challenges or maintain our corporate culture, and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be harmed.

Since launching our first product in 2015, we have experienced rapid growth and we continue to rapidly and significantly expand our operations. For example, our headcount has grown from 789 as of December 31, 2018 to 2,886 as of December 31, 2021. This expansion increases the complexity of our business and places significant strain on our management, personnel, operations, systems, technical performance, financial resources, and internal financial control and reporting functions. We may not be able to manage growth effectively, which could damage our reputation, limit our growth and negatively affect our operating results.

The growth and expansion of our business creates significant challenges for our management, operational and financial infrastructure. In the event of continued growth of our operations or in the number of our third-party relationships, our information technology systems and our internal controls and procedures may not be adequate to support our operations. To effectively manage our growth, we must continue to improve our operational, financial and management processes and systems and to effectively expand, train and manage our employee base. As our organization continues to grow and we are required to implement more complex organizational management structures, we may find it increasingly difficult to maintain the benefits of our corporate culture, including our ability to quickly develop and launch new and innovative solutions. This could negatively affect our business performance.

We continue to experience growth in our headcount and operations, which will continue to place significant demands on our management and our operational and financial infrastructure. As we continue to grow, we must effectively integrate, develop and motivate a large number of new employees, and we must maintain the beneficial aspects of our corporate culture. To attract top talent, we have had to offer, and believe we will need to continue to offer, highly competitive compensation packages before we can validate the productivity of those employees. In addition, fluctuations in the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may make it more difficult or costly to use equity compensation to motivate, incentivize and retain our employees. We face significant competition for talent from other healthcare, technology and high-growth companies, which include both large enterprises and privately-held companies. We may not be able to hire new employees quickly enough to meet our needs. If we fail to effectively manage our hiring needs and successfully

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integrate our new hires, our efficiency and ability to meet our forecasts and our employee morale, productivity and retention could suffer, and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Additionally, if we do not effectively manage the growth of our business and operations, the quality of our solutions could suffer, which could negatively affect our results of operations and overall business. Further, we have made changes in the past, and will likely make changes in the future, to our solutions that our customers or members may not like, find useful or agree with. We may also decide to discontinue certain features, solutions or services or increase fees for any of our features or services. If customers or members are unhappy with these changes, they may decrease their usage of our solutions.

We may not grow at the rates we historically have achieved or at all, even if our key metrics may indicate growth, which could have a material adverse effect on the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

We have experienced significant revenue growth in recent years. For example, our revenue for the year ended December 31, 2021 represented a 307.4% increase compared to our 2020 revenue. However, our future revenues may not grow at the same rates or may decline. Our future revenue growth will depend, in part, on our ability to grow our revenue from existing customers, complete sales to potential future customers, expand our member bases and increase engagement with our members, develop new products and services and expand internationally.

We can provide no assurance that we will be successful in executing our growth strategies or that, even if our key metrics would indicate future growth, we will continue to grow our revenue or when we will generate net income. Our value-based care business is a priority focus area for our growth, and presents numerous risks. For example, see the discussion of value-based care and value-based care agreements in the risk factors, “If our existing customers do not continue or renew their contracts with us, renew at lower fee levels or decline to license additional applications and services from us, or if significant reductions in members, PMPM fees, pricing or premiums under these contracts occur due to factors outside our control,” “If we are unable to increase engagement of the individual members that interact with our platform, or, even if we are successful in increasing member engagement, are unable to realize the member healthcare cost savings that we expect, our future profitability could be adversely affected,” “The recognition of a portion of our revenue is subject to realizing healthcare cost savings and achieving quality performance metrics, and may not be representative of revenue for future periods,” “Our claims liability estimates for medical costs and expenses are subject to uncertainty and may not be adequate, and any adjustments to our estimates may unfavorably impact, potentially in a material way, our reported results of operations and financial condition,” and “There are significant risks associated with estimating the amount and timing of revenue that we recognize under our licensing agreements and value-based care agreements with health plans, and if our estimates of revenue are materially inaccurate, it could impact the timing and the amount of our revenue recognition or have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows” below.

Our ability to execute on our existing sales pipeline, create additional sales pipelines, and expand our customer base depends on, among other things, the attractiveness of our solution relative to our competitors’ offerings, our ability to demonstrate the value of our existing and future solutions, and our ability to attract and retain a sufficient number of qualified sales and marketing leaders and support personnel. In addition, our existing customers and members may be slower to adopt our services than we currently anticipate, which could adversely affect our results of operations and growth prospects.

We may face intense competition, which could limit our ability to maintain or expand market share within our industry. If we do not maintain or expand our market share, our business and operating results will be harmed.

The healthcare industry and, to a lesser extent, the telemedicine and digital self-care industries in which we operate are highly competitive. We currently face competition from a range of companies, and view as competitors those companies whose primary business is developing and marketing telemedicine platforms and services. Competition focuses on, among other factors, technology, breadth and depth of functionality, range of associated services, pricing and other terms and conditions, operational experience, customer support, extent of customer base, reputation, relationships with public and private health insurance providers, size and financial strength ratings. The market for our offerings is underpenetrated, competitive, and characterized by rapidly evolving technology standards, customer and member needs, and the frequent

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introduction of new products and services. While our market is in an early stage of development, it is evolving rapidly and becoming increasingly competitive, and we expect it to attract increased competition.

Our competitors include companies whose primary business is developing and marketing remote healthcare platforms and services and also those engaged in value-based care, such as agilon health, Amwell, Oak Street Health, One Medical and Teladoc. We also compete with health insurers and large corporations that are making inroads into the digital healthcare industry and that are increasingly focused on the development of digital health technology, often through initiatives and partnerships. These technology companies, which may offer their solutions at lower prices, are continuing to develop additional products and are becoming more sophisticated and effective. Competition may also increase from large technology companies, such as Apple, Amazon, Facebook, Verizon, or Microsoft, who may wish to develop their own telehealth solutions or partner with our other competitors, as well as from large retailers like Kroger, CVS Health Corporation, Walgreens or Walmart. With the emergence of COVID-19, we have also seen increased competition from consumer-grade video solutions, such as Zoom Video and Twilio.

In addition, large, well-financed healthcare providers and insurance carriers have, in some cases, developed their own platform or tools and may provide these solutions to their customers at discounted prices. Moreover, as we expand into new lines of business and offer additional products beyond clinical care and self-care, we could face intense competition from traditional healthcare systems and health insurance companies that are already established, some of whom also utilize AI, telehealth, ePharma, virtual care delivery and next generation payer and provider models.

Our ability to compete effectively depends on our ability to distinguish our company and our solution from our competitors and their products, and includes factors such as:

•

long-term outcomes;

•

ease of use and convenience;

•

price;

•

greater name and brand recognition;

•

longer operating histories;

•

greater market penetration;

•

larger and more established customer and channel partner relationships;

•

larger sales forces and more established products and networks;

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larger marketing budgets;

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access to significantly greater financial, human, technical and other resources;

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breadth, depth, and efficacy of offerings;

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quality and reliability of solutions; and

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employer, healthcare provider, government agency and insurance carrier acceptance.

Some of our competitors may have greater name and brand recognition, longer operating histories, and significantly greater resources than we do and may be able to offer solutions similar to ours at more attractive prices than we can. Further, our current or potential competitors may be acquired by third parties with greater available resources. As a result, our competitors may be able to respond more quickly and effectively than we can to new or changing opportunities, technologies, standards or customer requirements and may have the ability to initiate or withstand substantial price competition. In addition, our competitors have established, and may in the future establish, cooperative relationships with vendors of complementary products, technologies or services to increase the availability of their solutions in the marketplace.

Our partners include healthcare payers, healthcare providers, governments and health systems, pharmaceutical companies and retailers, and technology and content providers, and our business customers include healthcare providers, insurers, governments, and employers that sponsor employee memberships as part of their benefits packages. Our partners and customers could become our competitors by offering

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similar services. Some of our partners may begin to offer services in the same or similar manner as we do. Although there are many potential opportunities for, and applications of, these services, our partners may seek opportunities or target new customers in areas that may overlap with those that we have chosen to pursue. In such cases, we may potentially compete against our partners. Competition from our partners may adversely affect our relationships with our partners and our business. In addition, some of the terms of our partner relationships include exclusivity or other restrictive clauses that limit our ability to partner with or provide services to potential other customers or third parties, which could harm our business. We may in the future enter into agreements with customers that restrict our ability to accept assignments from, or render similar services to, those customers’ customers, require us to obtain our customers’ prior written consent to provide services to their customers or restrict our ability to compete with our customers, or bid for or accept any assignment for which those customers are bidding or negotiating. These restrictions may hamper our ability to compete for and provide services to other customers in a specific industry in which we have expertise and could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

New competitors or alliances may emerge that have greater market share, a larger customer base, more widely adopted proprietary technologies, greater marketing expertise, greater financial resources and larger sales forces than we have, which could put us at a competitive disadvantage. Our competitors could also be better positioned to serve certain segments of our market, which could create additional price pressure. In light of these factors, current or potential customers may accept competitive solutions in lieu of purchasing our solution. If we are unable to successfully compete, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

If our existing customers do not continue or renew their contracts with us, renew at lower fee levels or decline to license additional applications and services from us, or if significant reductions in members, PMPM fees, pricing or premiums under these contracts occur due to factors outside our control, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We expect to derive a significant portion of our revenue from renewal of existing customer contracts and sales of additional applications and services to existing customers.

Customer renewals may decline or fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, including the breadth of early deployment of our solution, changes in customers’ business models and use cases, our customers’ satisfaction or dissatisfaction with our solution, our pricing or pricing structure, the pricing or capabilities of products or services offered by our competitors, or the effects of economic conditions. If our customers do not renew their agreements with us, or renew on terms less favorable to us, our revenue may decline. If our customers are dissatisfied with our products, including, for example, because members do not engage with our solutions, our customers may terminate or decline renewal of their contracts. In particular, our customers are often motivated to partner with us because they believe that members’ use of our solutions will decrease our customers’ spending levels. If we are not successful in engaging members through our platform and services, we may not meet our customers’ expectations. If we fail to satisfy our existing customers, they may not renew their contracts, which could adversely affect our business and operating results.

As part of our growth strategy, we have recently focused on expanding our services amongst current customers. As a result, selling additional applications and services is critical to our future business, revenue growth and results of operations. Factors that may affect our ability to sell additional applications and services include, but are not limited to, the following:

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the price, performance and functionality of our solutions;

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the availability, price, performance and functionality of competing solutions;

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our ability to develop and sell complementary applications and services;

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the stability, performance and security of our hosting infrastructure and hosting services;

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changes in healthcare and telemedicine laws, regulations or trends; and

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the business environment of our customers and, in particular, headcount reductions by our customers.

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We mainly enter into three types of contracts with our customers: value-based care, fee-for-service (“FFS”), and licensing.

Under our value-based care agreements with health plans, we manage the healthcare needs of our members in a centralized manner, where we negotiate a fixed per member per month (“PMPM”) allocation, also referred to as a capitation allocation, often based on a percentage of the payer’s premium or medical loss ratio (“MLR”) with the payer. We assume financial responsibility for member healthcare services, which means that, throughout the measurement period, the total actual medical costs are compared to the capitation allocation. At the end of the measurement period, we will either be responsible for all or part of excess costs above the capitation allocation, or will receive all or part of any savings, as compared to the capitation allocation. In some of our newer value-based care agreements, our financial responsibility for these surpluses or deficits relative to the capitation allocation is deferred until an initial agreed upon period has elapsed.

Under our fee-for-service agreements, we get paid by our customers based on the number of services members use through our platform and/or based on the number of members who can use our platform (i.e., eligible populations). Under our licensing agreements, we license our technology to third parties for them to make our technology available in certain territories and/or on their platforms. Our fee-for-service contracts generally have initial terms of one to two years and our licensing and risk-based contracts generally have initial terms of two to ten years. Most of our customers have no obligation to renew their contracts after the initial term expires. In addition, our customers may negotiate terms less advantageous to us upon renewal, which may reduce our revenue from these customers. Our future results of operations also depend, in part, on our ability to expand our service and product offering. If our customers fail to renew their contracts, renew their contracts upon less favorable terms or at lower fee levels, or fail to license new products and services from us, our revenue may decline, or our future revenue growth may be constrained.

In addition, after the initial contract term, some of our customer contracts allow customers to terminate such agreements for convenience at certain times, typically with one to three months advance notice. We typically incur the expenses associated with integrating a customer’s data into our healthcare database and related training and support prior to recognizing meaningful revenue from such a customer. Software licensing revenue is not recognized until our products are implemented for launch, which is generally a few months after contract signing. If a customer terminates its contract early and revenue and cash flows expected from a customer are not realized in the time period expected or not realized at all, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

Under value-based care and fee-for service agreements that compensate us on a per member basis, a significant reduction in members, PMPM fees, pricing or premiums could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Many factors that could cause such reductions are outside of our control; for example, members may cease to be eligible for or disenroll from the health plan offered by a customer that is healthcare provider, insurer, government, or employer that sponsors employee memberships as part of its benefits package due to relocation, death, loss of a network provider, or redeterminations under a government program. In addition, if member eligibility changes within a short period of time, we may be unable to increase engagement of the affected members, or manage their medical conditions and related healthcare costs more effectively.

In the United States and for elements of our business in the U.K., we are dependent on our relationships with physician-owned entities to hold contracts and provide healthcare services. We do not own such professional entities, and our business could be harmed if those relationships were disrupted or if our arrangements with our providers or our customers are found to violate state laws prohibiting the corporate practice of medicine or fee-splitting.

There is a risk that authorities in some jurisdictions may find that our contractual relationships with the physician-owned professional entities violate the corporate practice of medicine or fee-splitting laws or similar or equivalent rules in the relevant jurisdiction. These laws generally prohibit the practice of medicine by, or sharing of professional fees with, lay persons or entities and are intended to prevent unlicensed persons or entities from interfering with or inappropriately influencing a clinician’s professional judgment. The extent to which each state considers particular actions or contractual relationships to constitute improper influence of professional judgment or fee-splitting varies across the states and is subject to change and to

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evolving interpretations by state boards of medicine, state courts and state attorneys general, among others. As such, we must monitor our compliance with laws in every jurisdiction in which we operate on an ongoing basis and we cannot guarantee that subsequent interpretation of the corporate practice of medicine or fee-splitting laws will not circumscribe our business operations. The enforcement of state corporate practice of medicine doctrines or fee-splitting laws may result in the imposition of penalties, including but not limited to, penalties on the physicians themselves for aiding the corporate practice of medicine, which could discourage physicians from participating in our network of providers.

The corporate practice of medicine prohibition exists in some form, by statute, regulation, board of medicine or attorney general guidance, or case law, in 31 states in the U.S. The broad variation between state application and enforcement of the corporate practice of medicine doctrine makes an exact count of states that follow this doctrine difficult. We plan to conduct business in all of these states. Due to the prevalence of the corporate practice of medicine doctrine, including in the states where we predominantly conduct our business, we provide administrative and management services to certain physician-owned professional entities pursuant to agreements under which those entities reserve exclusive control and responsibility for all aspects of the practice of medicine and the delivery of medical services. We contract with the vast majority of such physician-owned entities through business support agreements and direct transfer agreements for the provision of health care services, the receipt of fees, and physician-owner succession planning purposes. For professional entities with which we contract but with respect to which we have not implemented a direct share transfer agreement, we implement other measures (e.g., option agreements) for similar succession planning purposes. For further discussion of this structure, see “Business — Overview — Sales and Marketing — Affiliated Physicians and Healthcare Professionals.” While we expect that these relationships will continue, we cannot guarantee that they will. A material change in our relationship with these physician-owned entities, whether resulting from a dispute among the entities, a change in government regulation, or the loss of these affiliations, could impair our ability to provide services to our customers and consumers and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In addition, the arrangements in which we have entered to comply with state corporate practice of medicine doctrines could subject us to additional scrutiny by federal and state regulatory bodies, including with respect to federal and state fraud and abuse laws and by other regulatory authorities in the relevant jurisdictions. We believe that our operations comply with applicable state statutes and regulations regarding corporate practice of medicine, fee-splitting, and anti-kickback prohibitions. However, any scrutiny, investigation, or litigation with regard to our arrangement with physician-owned entities could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, particularly if we are unable to restructure our operations and arrangements to comply with applicable laws or we are required to restructure at a significant cost, or if we were subject to penalties or other adverse action.

Our telemedicine business and growth strategy depend on our ability to maintain and expand a network of qualified providers. If we are unable to do so, our future growth would be limited and our business, financial condition and results of operations would be harmed.

Our success is dependent upon our continued ability to maintain an adequate network of qualified telemedicine providers. Our inability to recruit and retain board-certified physicians and other healthcare professionals would have a material adverse effect on our business and ability to grow and would adversely affect our results of operations. In any particular market, providers could demand higher payments or take other actions that could result in higher medical costs, less attractive service for our customers or difficulty meeting applicable regulatory or accreditation requirements. Our ability to develop and maintain satisfactory relationships with providers also may be negatively impacted by other factors not associated with us, such as changes in Medicare and/or Medicaid reimbursement levels and consolidation activity among hospitals, physician groups and healthcare providers, the continued private equity investment in physician practice management platforms and other market and operating pressures on healthcare providers. In the United Kingdom, reports of pressures in primary medical services began to emerge during the COVID-19 pandemic. Following a period of cessation of some services in the National Health Service (the “NHS”), as services resume, there is likely to be additional demand for services caused by delayed appointments, presentations and investigations. The demand for appropriately qualified individuals to enable us to deliver services is also likely to increase, and similar trends in the demand for, and constrained supply of, appropriately qualified medical professionals may also be experienced in the United States.

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The failure to maintain or to secure new cost-effective provider contracts in the United States and to recruit qualified individuals in the United Kingdom may result in a loss of or inability to grow our membership base, higher costs, healthcare provider network disruptions, less attractive service for our customers and/or difficulty in meeting applicable regulatory requirements, any of which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unable to increase engagement of the individual members that interact with our platform, or, even if we are successful in increasing member engagement, are unable to realize the member healthcare cost savings that we expect, our future profitability could be adversely affected.

Our digital-first approach requires that our individual members interact with our platform at meaningful levels of engagement. Our ability to increase engagement of the individual members that interact with our platform will affect our future revenue growth; however, the effect that member engagement has on profitability depends on the type of agreement pursuant to which members engage with our platform and the nature and cost of the healthcare services that a member requires. For example, under our fee-for-service agreements, we get paid by our customers based on the number of services members use through our platform and/or based on the number of members who can use our platform (i.e. eligible populations). Therefore, the profitability of our fee-for-service agreements depends in part on our ability to increase engagement with members so that they will use additional services.

Under our value-based care agreements with health plans, we manage the healthcare needs of our members in a centralized manner, where we negotiate a PMPM or capitation allocation and assume financial responsibility for member healthcare services. This means that, throughout the measurement period, the total actual medical costs are compared to the capitation allocation and at the end of the measurement period, we will either be responsible for all or part of excess costs above the capitation allocation, or will receive all or part of any savings, as compared to the capitation allocation. In some of our newer value-based care agreements, which we also refer to as VBC contracts, our financial responsibility for these surpluses or deficits relative to the capitation allocation is deferred until an initial agreed upon period has elapsed. The financial responsibility of caring for members that we assume under the terms of the contract applies whether those members use our services or not.

The amounts paid under VBC contracts per at-risk patient can be significantly higher than the fees for services provided under FFS arrangements. Consequently, when costs for providing service are effectively managed, the revenue and profit generation opportunities under VBC contracts are significantly more attractive than under FFS arrangements. We expect increased engagement of our value-based care members to enhance contract profitability by reducing total actual medical costs through, among other factors, lower cost Babylon healthcare services replacing higher cost non-Babylon healthcare services. However, increasing engagement with members under our VBC contracts requires a substantial investment of time, and we cannot assure that members will sign up to use our digital tools or services instead of those of other providers. Accordingly, we may not be successful in establishing ongoing care and high value interactions with our full range of digital care tools or through virtual or in-person consultations with licensed medical professionals.

Although we actively encourage member engagement, we cannot directly control whether and to what extent certain patient populations will use our technology or clinical services. Therefore, if members do not use our solutions and seek medical care from alternate sources, we may be unable to control all of the costs and we may be contractually obligated to pay at least a portion of these unknown expenses, which could adversely affect our business and operating results. Additionally, even if we are successful in engaging members and those members use our services, we may not be able to reduce the costs of healthcare in the ways that we are expecting and healthcare costs may be higher than we are anticipating. If healthcare costs are higher than we are anticipating, this could adversely affect our business and operating results.

A significant portion of our revenue comes from a limited number of customers, and the loss of a material contract could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Historically, we have relied on a limited number of customers for a substantial portion of our total revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, three, four, and three customers, respectively, represented 10% or more of our total revenue. For the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020,

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and 2019, our top ten customers accounted for 92%, 90% and 99% of our revenue, respectively. See Note 9, “Segment Information — Major Customers” to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this prospectus for additional discussion of our major customers.

We also rely on our reputation and recommendations from key customers in order to promote our solution to potential new customers. The loss of any of our key customers, or a failure of some of them to renew or expand their agreements, could have a significant impact on our revenue, our reputation and our ability to obtain new customers. In addition, mergers and acquisitions involving our customers could lead to cancellation or non-renewal of our contracts with those customers or by the acquiring or combining companies, thereby reducing the number of our existing and potential customers, and their member populations.

The recognition of a portion of our revenue is subject to realizing healthcare cost savings and achieving quality performance metrics, and may not be representative of revenue for future periods.

Under our value-based care agreements, we assume partial or full risk for the costs of members’ healthcare. This follows significant diligence and reviewing actuary and financial projections based on the information that health plans (and, in England, the NHS) provide us that we ultimately do not have control over. While there are variations specific to each agreement, we generally negotiate a PMPM allocation, often based on a percentage of the payer’s premium or MLR. The majority of the PMPM allocation is typically held by the customer in order to pay claims expenses. The PMPM allocation is periodically reconciled against claims to calculate either surpluses or deficits, and we take financial responsibility for all or some of those surpluses or deficits.

This means that there is a variable element to our revenues, dependent on factors such as the health of our members and our ability to realize savings in healthcare spend for those members. Under some agreements, some of our revenues are contingent on factors such as the achievement of certain quality performance metrics. Our revenue and financial results with respect to our value-based arrangements depend on whether we achieve applicable quality metrics and savings in healthcare spend. In addition, since our customers typically pay us a portion of the PMPM allocation in cash in advance on a periodic basis in order to fund our operating expenses, there is a risk that we may have to refund part or all of those payments if we do not achieve these quality and cost targets, which could have a negative impact on our cash flows.

Under these arrangements, if members require more care than is anticipated and/or the cost of care increases, then the PMPM allocations may be insufficient to cover the costs associated with treatment. If medical costs and expenses exceed the PMPM allocations, except in very limited circumstances, we could suffer losses with respect to such agreements.

Our claims liability estimates for medical costs and expenses are subject to uncertainty and may not be adequate, and any adjustments to our estimates may unfavorably impact, potentially in a material way, our reported results of operations and financial condition.

Inaccurate calculation of our anticipated ratio of medical expense to revenue can significantly impact our financial results. Accordingly, the failure to adequately predict and control medical costs and expenses and to make reasonable estimates and maintain adequate accruals for incurred but not reported claims, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Additionally, some of the expenses of our members may be unanticipated and outside of our control in the event that members take certain actions that increase such expenses, such as unnecessary hospital visits. We rely on accurate information from third parties, such as other network providers, and health plans relating to historic and current data. Inaccuracies in such reporting could have a negative impact on our ability to adequately predict and control medical costs and, hence, our financial position.

Due to the time lag between when services are actually rendered by providers and when claims for those services are received, processed and paid, our medical expenses include a provision for claims incurred but not paid. We are continuously enhancing our process for estimating claims liability, which we monitor and refine on a periodic basis as claims receipts, payment information, and inpatient acuity information become available. As more complete information becomes available, we adjust the amount of the estimate, and include the changes in estimates in expenses in the period in which the changes are identified. Given

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the uncertainties inherent in such estimates, there can be no assurance that our claims liability estimates are adequate, and any adjustments to the estimates may unfavorably impact, potentially in a material way, our reported results of operations and financial condition. Further, our inability to estimate our claims liability with absolute certainty or to appropriately utilize the claims data to control the cost of future healthcare services may also affect our ability to take timely corrective actions, further exacerbating the extent of any adverse effect on our results.

Historically, our medical costs and expenses as a percentage of revenue have fluctuated. Factors that may cause medical expenses to exceed estimates include:

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the health status of members and higher levels of hospitalization;

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higher than expected utilization of new or existing healthcare services or technologies, including the level of engagement with our digital healthcare platform and tools;

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an increase in the cost of healthcare services and supplies, whether as a result of inflation or otherwise;

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changes to mandated benefits or other changes in healthcare laws, regulations and practices;

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increased costs attributable to specialist physicians, hospitals and ancillary providers;

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changes in the demographics of our members;

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changes in medical trends;

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contractual or claims disputes with providers, hospitals or other service providers within and outside a health plan’s network;

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the occurrence of catastrophes, major epidemics or acts of terrorism;

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the reduction of health plan premiums;

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the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic;

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macroeconomic inflationary pressures; and

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supply chain disruptions.

Renegotiation, non-renewal or termination of value-based care agreements with health plans could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Under most of our value-based care agreements with health plans, the health plans are generally permitted to modify the respective benefits available to members from time to time during the respective terms of the agreements and health plans may make other changes, such as to their utilization review and coverage policies, that affect the cost of care to the members assigned to us under the contract. In addition, changes in government program funding, such as with respect to Medicaid managed care and Medicare Advantage programs, can affect the revenue we receive from health plans under our value-based care agreements. If there is an unanticipated change to a health plan’s benefits or coverage policies or to the government program funding, we could suffer losses with respect to such contract. We include in many of our value-based care agreements mechanisms to protect against losses by allowing early termination or amendment of the value-based care terms, but these may not protect against all adverse changes that are outside of our control or they may not prevent us from suffering losses with respect to such contract.

There are significant risks associated with estimating the amount and timing of revenue that we recognize under our licensing agreements and value-based care agreements with health plans, and if our estimates of revenue are materially inaccurate, it could impact the timing and the amount of our revenue recognition or have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Our revenue projections are based on management’s expectation of executed contracts delivering revenue in line with contractual terms and estimates relating to amounts received under our value-based care agreements. There are significant risks associated with estimating the amount and timing of revenue that we recognize under our licensing agreements and value-based care agreements with health plans in a reporting period.

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Certain of our value-based care agreements relate to medical care programs that employ risk adjustment programs that impact the revenue we recognize for the members assigned to us under the contract. As a result of the variability of certain factors that go into the development of the risk adjustment revenue we recognize, such as risk scores and other market-level factors where applicable, the actual amount of revenue could be materially less than our estimates. In the United States, the data provided to the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) to determine the risk score are subject to audit by CMS even several years after the annual settlements occur. If the risk adjustment data we submit are found to overstate the health status of our members, we may be required to refund payments previously received by us and/or be subject to penalties or sanctions, including potential liability under the federal False Claims Act (“FCA”), which can result in civil and criminal penalties such as fines, damages, overpayment, recoupment, imprisonment, loss of enrollment status and exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs. In addition to paybacks and civil penalties reducing our revenue in the year that repayment or settlement is required, Medicare and Medicaid programs represent a large portion of our revenue in the United States and exclusion from future participation in these programs would significantly reduce our revenue for years to come. Further, if the data we provide to CMS understates the health risk of our members, we might be underpaid for the care that we must provide to our members. Consequently, our estimate of our health plans’ risk scores for any period, and any resulting change in our accrual of revenues related thereto, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Some revenue risk is transferred via stop-loss policies insuring against catastrophic claims that cover most of our value-based care arrangements. Similar risks apply in the U.K. Gain/loss sharing with the NHS is predicated on data which is extracted and controlled by the NHS. While provisions are made to access and review this data, it may not be possible to effectively challenge it.

The billing and collection process in the United States can be complex due to ongoing insurance coverage changes, geographic coverage differences, differing interpretations of contract coverage and other payer issues, such as ensuring appropriate documentation. Determining applicable primary and secondary coverage for our members, together with the changes in member coverage that occur each month, requires complex, resource-intensive processes. While we manage the overall processing of some claims, we rely on third-party billing provider software to transmit the actual claims to payers based on the specific payer billing format. The potential therefore exists for us to experience delays or errors in claims processing when third-party providers make changes to their configurations and/or invoicing systems. If claims are not submitted to payers on a timely basis or are erroneously submitted, or if we are required to switch to a different software provider to handle claim submissions, we may experience delays in our ability to process these claims and receipt of payments from payers, or possibly denial of claims for lack of timely submission, which would have an adverse effect on our revenue and our business. Errors in determining the correct coordination of benefits may result in refunds to payers. Revenues associated with these medical care programs are also subject to estimating risk related to the amounts not paid by the primary payer that will ultimately be collectible from other payers paying secondary coverage, the member’s commercial health plan secondary coverage or the member. Collections, refunds and payer retractions typically continue to occur for up to three years and longer after services are provided. If our estimates of revenues are materially inaccurate, it could impact the timing and the amount of our revenue recognition and have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We may be required to delay recognition of some of our revenue, which may harm our financial results in any given period.

We may be required to delay recognition of revenue for a significant period of time if, in relation to any agreement we enter into:

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the transaction involves both current products and products that are under development;

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the customer requires significant modifications, configurations, or complex interfaces that could delay delivery or acceptance of our solution;

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we are unable to demonstrate adequate control of the care management services being provided to our customers due to regulatory requirements or other contractual provisions;

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the transaction involves acceptance criteria or other terms that may delay revenue recognition; or

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the transaction involves payment terms that depend upon contingencies.

Because of these factors and other specific revenue recognition requirements under International Financial Reporting Standards (“IFRS”), we must have very precise terms in our contracts to begin recognizing revenue at the time when we initially provide access to our platform or provide care management services to our customers. Our agreements are often subject to negotiation and revisions based on the demands of our customers. The final terms of our agreements sometimes result in deferred revenue recognition or an inability to recognize revenue on a gross basis, which may adversely affect our financial results in any given period.

We depend on physician partners to accurately, timely and sufficiently document their services, and their failure to do so could result in nonpayment for services rendered or allegations of fraud. Our records and submissions to a health plan may contain inaccurate or unsupportable information regarding risk adjustment scores of members, which could cause us to overstate or understate our revenue and subject us to various penalties or repayment obligations.

The claims and encounter records that we submit to health plans may impact data that support the Medicare Risk Adjustment Factor (“RAF”), scores attributable to members. These RAF scores determine, in part, the revenue to which the health plans and, in turn, we are entitled to receive for the provision of medical care to such members. The data submitted to CMS by each health plan is based, in part, on medical charts and diagnosis codes that we prepare and submit to the health plans. Each health plan generally relies on us and our affiliated physicians to appropriately document and support such RAF data in our medical records. Each health plan also relies on us and our affiliated physicians to appropriately code claims for medical services provided to members. Erroneous claims and erroneous encounter records and submissions could result in inaccurate revenue and risk adjustment payments, which may be subject to correction or retroactive adjustment in later periods. This corrected or adjusted information may be reflected in financial statements for periods subsequent to the period in which the revenue was recorded. We might also need to refund a portion of the revenue that we received, which refund, depending on its magnitude, could damage our relationship with the applicable health plan and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Additionally, CMS and the Office of Inspector General (“OIG”) for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Service (“HHS”) each audit Medicare Advantage (“MA”) plans for documentation to support RAF-related payments for members chosen at random. The MA plans ask providers to submit the underlying documentation for members that they serve. It is possible that claims associated with members with higher RAF scores could be subject to more scrutiny in a CMS, OIG, or plan audit. There is a possibility that a MA plan may seek repayment from us should CMS make any payment adjustments to the MA plan as a result of its or OIG’s audits. The plans also may hold us liable for any penalties owed to CMS for inaccurate or unsupportable RAF scores provided by us or our affiliated physicians. In addition, we could be liable for penalties to the government under the FCA that currently range from $11,803 to $23,607 (but which may be adjusted in the future for inflation) for each false claim, plus up to three times the amount of damages caused by each false claim, which can be as much as the amounts received directly or indirectly from the government for each such false claim. In December 2021, the U.S. Department of Justice issued a final rule announcing adjustments to FCA penalties (statutorily limited to between $5,000 and $10,000, as adjusted for inflation), under which the per claim range increases to a range from $11,803 to $23,607 per claim, so long as the underlying conduct occurred after November 2, 2015.

CMS has indicated that payment adjustments from its Risk Adjustment Data Validation audits will not be limited to RAF scores for the specific MA enrollees for which errors are found but may also be extrapolated to the entire MA plan subject to a particular CMS contract. CMS has described its audit process as plan-year specific and stated that it will not extrapolate audit results for plan years prior to 2011. Because CMS has not stated otherwise, there is a risk that payment adjustments made as a result of one plan year’s audit would be extrapolated to prior plan years after 2011.

There can be no assurance that a health plan will not be randomly selected or targeted for review by CMS or OIG or that the outcome of such a review will not result in a material adjustment in our revenue and profitability, even if the information we submitted to the plan is accurate and supportable.

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If reimbursement rates paid by third-party payers or federal, state or foreign healthcare programs are reduced or if third-party payers or government payers otherwise restrain our ability to obtain or provide services to our members, our business could be harmed.

Private third-party payers and government healthcare programs pay for the services that we provide to many of our members. If any commercial third-party payers elect not to cover some or all of our services, our business may be harmed. Third-party payers also are entering into sole source contracts with some healthcare providers, which could effectively limit our pool of potential members.

Private third-party payers often use plan structures, such as narrow networks or tiered networks, to encourage or require their members to lower their costs. Private third-party payers generally attempt to limit their members’ use of out-of-network providers by imposing higher copayment and/or deductible amounts for out-of-network care than for in-network care. Additionally, private third-party payers have become increasingly aggressive in attempting to minimize the use of out-of-network providers by disregarding the assignment of payment from members to out-of-network providers (i.e., sending payments directly to members instead of to out-of-network providers), capping out-of-network benefits payable to members, waiving out-of-pocket payment amounts and initiating litigation against out-of-network providers for interference with contractual relationships, insurance fraud and violation of state licensing and consumer protection laws. If we become out of network for private third-party payers, our business could be harmed, and our member service revenue could be reduced because members could stop using our services.

In addition, a portion of our revenue comes from services provided to beneficiaries of federal, state and local government healthcare programs, principally Medicare and Medicaid beneficiaries. We are participating in the Direct Contracting Model with CMS by working with one of the Direct Contracting Entities (“DCE”). The financial aspects of the Direct Contracting Model are set forth in an agreement between the DCE and CMS which commenced on January 1, 2022. Under our management services agreement with the DCE, we will provide crucial care management services to Medicare beneficiaries in California in a value-based care arrangement. CMS has the right to amend its agreement with the DCE without the consent of the DCE for good cause or as necessary to comply with applicable federal or state law, regulatory requirements, accreditation standards or licensing guidelines or rules. After January 1, 2023, CMS has indicated that it will be transitioning to the Accountable Care Organization (“ACO”) Realizing Equity, Access, and Community Health (REACH) Model, as further discussed in the next risk factor below.

Payments from federal and state government programs are subject to statutory and regulatory changes, administrative rulings, interpretations and determinations, requirements for utilization review and federal and state funding restrictions, each of which could increase or decrease program payments, as well as affect the cost of providing service to members and the timing of payments to our physician-owned networks. We are unable to predict the effect of recent and future policy changes on our operations. In addition, the uncertainty and fiscal pressures placed upon federal and state governments as a result of, among other things, deterioration in general economic conditions and the funding COVID-19 relief legislation, may affect the availability of taxpayer funds for Medicare and Medicaid programs. Changes in government healthcare programs may reduce the reimbursement we receive and could adversely impact our business and results of operations.

As federal healthcare expenditures continue to increase, and state governments continue to face budgetary shortfalls, federal and state governments have made, and continue to make, significant changes in the Medicare and Medicaid programs. These changes include reductions in reimbursement levels and new or modified demonstration projects authorized pursuant to Medicaid waivers. Some of these changes have decreased, or could decrease, the amount of money we receive for our services relating to these programs. In some cases, private third-party payers rely on all or portions of Medicare payment systems to determine payment rates. Changes to government healthcare programs that reduce payments under these programs may negatively impact payments from private third-party payers.

In addition, in the U.K., primary medical services delivered under general medical services contracts are paid for in accordance with the General Medical Services Statement of Financial Entitlements, which set out the legal framework under which general practitioners operate and are paid, and which is subject to change over time. While we consider it unlikely that the amount paid will decrease overall, as it is subject to negotiation with general practitioner representative bodies, there is nonetheless a risk that reimbursement

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of property costs for primary care service delivery may decrease or cease over time. We currently do not receive reimbursement of property costs related to Babylon GP at Hand services, our primary medical services platform in the United Kingdom; however, work is ongoing to establish whether this is possible.

Regulatory proposals directed at containing or lowering the cost of healthcare, including the ACO REACH model, and our participation, voluntary or otherwise, in such proposed models, could impact our business, financial condition, cash flows and operations.

The CMS Innovation Center continues to test an array of alternative payment models that could impact our business, financial condition, cash flows and operations. For example, the CMS Innovation Center announced on February 24, 2022 that it would be discontinuing the Direct Contracting Model (in which we participate) and would be replacing it with the ACO REACH Model. Because ACO REACH is a new and evolving program, we are unable to determine how the ACO REACH program, or other alternative payment models promulgated by the CMS Innovation Center, will affect Medicare reimbursement and capitation benchmarks. For example, if the CMS Innovation Center fails to ensure the long-term predictability of revenue under the ACO REACH program, such reimbursement instability could adversely impact our business, financial condition, cash flows and operations. Additionally, if the CMS Innovation Center fails to streamline incentive program requirements for physicians across payment models, such conflicting requirements may impose additional compliance burdens on our affiliated physician partners’ practices, which may have a material adverse effect on process, quality and efficiency. The CMS Innovation Center is continuing to develop the ACO REACH model and significant changes from the previous Direct Contracting model may result in adverse financial results for us.

Additionally, we are unable to predict how states will regulate our participation in the ACO REACH program. For example, certain states in which we operate may require participants to obtain specific licensure to participate in the ACO REACH program and assume risk directly from CMS, which may require us to maintain certain levels of tangible net equity, meet working capital requirements, or expend significant resources on operational development. There likely will continue to be regulatory proposals directed at containing or lowering the cost of healthcare that, if adopted, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations, including with respect to our contractual relationships with providers and payers.

The market for telemedicine is immature and volatile and our digital-first approach is relatively new and unproven. If the telemedicine market does not develop, develops more slowly than we expect, or encounters negative publicity, or if our digital-first approach does not achieve a high level of customer acceptance, the growth of our business will be harmed.

The telemedicine market is, in general, immature and volatile, and our digital-first approach, in particular, is relatively new and unproven. It is uncertain whether the telemedicine market and our digital-first approach will achieve and sustain high levels of demand, consumer acceptance and market adoption. The COVID-19 pandemic increased acceptance and utilization of telemedicine services, but it is uncertain whether such increase in demand will continue.

Demand for telemedicine services in general, and our solution in particular, is affected by a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. Some of these potential factors include:

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market adoption and ongoing usage of telemedicine solutions, in particular following the removal of various “stay at home” restrictions due to the COVID-19 pandemic;

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awareness and adoption of technology in healthcare generally;

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availability of products and services that compete with ours;

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ease of adoption and use;

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features and platform experience;

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performance;

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brand;

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security and privacy; and

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pricing.

Our success will depend to a substantial extent on the willingness of our members to use, and to increase the frequency and extent of their utilization of, our solution, as well as on our ability to demonstrate the value of telemedicine to employers, health plans, government agencies and other purchasers of healthcare for beneficiaries. Negative publicity concerning our solution, other participants in the telemedicine market, or the telemedicine market as a whole could limit market acceptance of our solution. If our customers and members do not perceive the benefits of our telemedicine solution and our digital-first approach, then our market may not develop at all, or it may develop more slowly than we expect. Similarly, individual and healthcare industry concerns or negative publicity regarding patient confidentiality and privacy in the context of telemedicine could limit market acceptance of our healthcare services. If any of these events occurs, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We generate, and expect to continue to generate, revenue from market adoption of our digital health products. As a result, widespread acceptance and use of digital health solutions in general, and our solutions in particular, is critical to our future growth and success. If the market fails to grow or grows more slowly than we currently anticipate, or if we fail to attract new customers for our digital health solutions and fail to maintain and expand new customer relationships, our revenue may grow more slowly than we expect, and our business may be adversely affected.

If we are not able to develop and release new solutions and services, or successful enhancements, new features and modifications to our existing solutions and services, our business could be adversely affected.

Our products are based on novel technologies that are rapidly evolving. Our algorithms and other technologies depend on our ability to continue to build a substantial repository of health-related data and validate additional product designs. Given the rapidly evolving changing nature of our products, there is no guarantee that we have fully understood all the implications of using such technologies alongside the traditional delivery of healthcare. In addition, we must execute on our strategy to build a significant repository of health-related data to support the robustness and accuracy of our technologies and allow us to develop additional artificial intelligence-enabled applications. We believe that access to contemporary and historical member data, combined with the ability to analytically and clinically validate study results in a quality-controlled framework, provides us with a robust, reproducible method for product development. Moreover, the depth, specificity and quality of data are of paramount importance to further developing novel solutions that can demonstrate clinical utility across a range of practice specialties and member demographics. These features are also central to our product strategy of demonstrating both short- and long-term impact on member outcomes and health economics. If we are unable to continue to build our data repository, we may not be able to keep pace with rapidly evolving technology and improve the capabilities and utility of our products, and our business could be harmed.

The markets in which we operate are characterized by rapid technological change, frequent new product and service introductions and enhancements, changing customer demands, and evolving industry standards. The introduction of products and services embodying new technologies can quickly make existing products and services obsolete and unmarketable. Additionally, changes in laws and regulations could impact the usefulness of our solution and could necessitate changes or modifications to our solution to accommodate such changes. For example, the European Commission’s proposal (issued in April 2021 and amended by a European Council compromise text in November 2021) for a European Union (“EU”) Regulation on Artificial Intelligence (which would have extraterritorial effect outside of the EU), could lead to enhanced requirements as to the accuracy, robustness and security of so-called “high risk” AI systems used in healthcare settings. We invest substantial resources in researching and developing new solutions and enhancing our solutions by incorporating additional features, improving functionality, and adding other improvements to meet our customers’ and members’ evolving demands. The success of any enhancements or improvements to our solutions or any new solutions depends on several factors, including timely completion, competitive pricing, adequate quality testing, integration with new and existing technologies in our solutions and third-party partners’ technologies, effective and compliant localization for jurisdictions

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in which we operate and overall market acceptance. We may not succeed in developing, marketing and delivering on a timely and cost-effective basis enhancements or improvements to our solutions or any new solutions that respond to continued changes in market demands or new customer requirements. Further, any enhancements or improvements to our solutions or any new solutions may not achieve market acceptance. Since developing our solutions is complex, the timetable for the release of new solutions and enhancements to existing solutions is difficult to predict, and we may not offer new solutions and updates as rapidly as our customers require or expect. Any new solutions that we develop may not be introduced in a timely or cost-effective manner, may contain errors or defects, or may not achieve the broad market acceptance necessary to generate sufficient revenue. Moreover, even if we introduce new solutions, we may experience a decline in revenue of our existing solutions that is not offset by revenue from the new solutions. For example, customers may delay making purchases of new solutions to permit them to make a more thorough evaluation of these solutions or until industry and marketplace reviews become widely available. Some customers may hesitate to migrate to a new solution due to concerns regarding the performance of the new solution. In addition, we may lose existing customers who choose a competitor’s products and services. This could result in a temporary or permanent revenue shortfall and adversely affect our business.

The introduction of new products and solutions by competitors or the development of entirely new technologies within the digital health market which could serve to replace existing offerings could make our solutions obsolete or adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. We may experience difficulties with software development, design or marketing that could delay or prevent our development, introduction or implementation of additional features or capabilities. In addition, there may be other delays or barriers to introducing new products or features relating to regulation. If customers and members do not widely purchase and adopt our solutions, we may not be able to realize a return on our investment. If we do not accurately anticipate customer and member demand, if we are unable to develop, license or acquire new features and capabilities on a timely and cost-effective basis, or if such enhancements do not achieve market acceptance, we may encounter adverse publicity, loss of revenue or market acceptance or claims by customers or members brought against us. Each of these possible effects could have a material and adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

We expect to continue to dedicate significant financial and other resources to our research and development efforts in order to continuously evolve the development of our products and maintain our competitive position.

As a result, our business is significantly dependent on our ability to successfully complete the development of our next generation products. Investing in research and development personnel, developing new products and enhancing existing products is expensive and time consuming, and there is no assurance that such activities will result in successful development of our products, significant new marketable products or enhancements to our products, design improvements, cost savings, revenues or other expected benefits. If we spend significant time and effort on research and development and are unable to generate an adequate return on our investment, our business and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

Our proprietary solutions may not operate properly, which could damage our reputation, give rise to claims against us, or divert application of our resources from other purposes, any of which could harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The development of proprietary technology is time-consuming, expensive and complex, and may involve unforeseen difficulties. We may encounter technical obstacles, and it is possible that we will discover additional problems or design defects that prevent our proprietary solutions from operating properly. If our solutions do not function reliably, malfunction, or fail to achieve customer expectations in terms of performance, customers could assert liability claims against us or attempt to terminate their contracts with us. This could damage our reputation and impair our ability to attract or maintain customers.

The software underlying our platform is highly complex and may contain undetected errors or vulnerabilities, some of which may only be discovered after the solution has been used by our members. Any real or perceived errors, failures, bugs or other vulnerabilities discovered in our solution could result in negative publicity and damage to our reputation. It could also result in loss of customers, loss of members, loss of or delay in market acceptance of our platform, loss of competitive position, loss of revenue or liability for damages, overpayments and/or underpayments, any of which could harm our enrollment rates. In such

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an event, we may be required or may choose to expend additional resources in order to help correct the problem. Such efforts could be costly, or ultimately unsuccessful. We may experience irreversible damage to our reputation and brand. There can be no assurance that provisions typically included in our agreements with customers that attempt to limit our exposure to claims would be enforceable or adequate or would otherwise protect us from liabilities or damages with respect to any particular claim. A claim brought against us by any customer would likely be time-consuming and costly to defend and could seriously damage our reputation and brand.

If our products do not effectively interoperate with our customers’ existing and future infrastructures, installations could be delayed or canceled, which would harm our business.

Our products must effectively interoperate with our customers’ existing or future IT or application infrastructures, which often have different specifications, utilize multiple protocol standards, deploy products from multiple vendors and contain multiple generations of products that have been added over time. If we find errors in the existing software or defects in the hardware used in our customers’ infrastructure or problematic network configurations or settings, we may have to modify our software so that our products can interoperate with our customers’ infrastructure and business processes. In addition, to stay competitive within certain markets, we may be required to make software modifications in future releases to comply with new statutory or regulatory requirements. Further, in order to move into new markets and serve new customers globally, we may be required to modify our existing software in order to comply with existing statutory or regulatory regimes that exist in those markets. These issues could result in additional time and expenditure to modify our offering, longer sales cycles for our products and order cancellations, all of which would adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our relatively limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and future prospects and increases the risk of your investment.

Our relatively limited operating history makes it difficult to evaluate our current business and prospects and plan for our future growth. All of our growth has occurred in recent years. We were founded in 2013, and in 2014 we were incorporated and became the first large-scale provider to be registered with the Care Quality Commission (“CQC”), the independent regulator of health and social care in England. In 2015, we began providing clinical services through our virtual care platform offering diagnosis, advice and treatments via medical professionals to members on a remote basis. We first provided NHS services using the Babylon GP at Hand risk-based model in the United Kingdom in 2017, and we entered into our first value-based care agreements with health plans in the United States in 2020. As such, we have limited experience providing services and managing contracts centered around a value-based care model, especially in the United States.

We have encountered, and will continue to encounter, significant risks and uncertainties frequently experienced by new and growing companies in rapidly changing industries. These include determining appropriate investments of our limited resources, market adoption of our existing and future solutions, competition from other companies, acquiring and retaining customers, managing customer deployments, overseeing member enrollment, hiring, integrating, training and retaining skilled personnel, developing new solutions, determining prices for our solutions, unforeseen expenses, and challenges in forecasting accuracy. If we have difficulty launching new solutions or increasing member enrollment, our revenue and our ability to achieve and sustain profitability would be impaired. Additional risks include our ability to effectively manage growth and process, store, protect and use personal data in compliance with governmental regulation, contractual obligations and other legal obligations related to privacy and security globally. If our assumptions regarding these and other similar risks and uncertainties, which we use to plan our business, are incorrect or change as we gain more experience operating our business or due to changes in our industry, or if we do not address these challenges successfully, our operating and financial results could differ materially from our expectations and our business could suffer.

We depend on our talent to grow and operate our business, and if we are unable to hire, integrate, develop, motivate and retain our personnel, we may not be able to grow effectively.

Our success depends in large part on our ability to attract and retain high-quality management in sales, services, engineering, marketing, operations, finance and support functions, especially in the London

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metropolitan area and in the United States. We recently expanded our operations in the United States in the Bay Area and Austin, Texas, and in Chicago and Boston as a result of our acquisitions of higi SH Holdings Inc. (“Higi”) and Health Innovators Inc. (“DayToDay”). For the year ended December 31, 2021, we increased our global average headcount to 2,573 employees. For the years ended December 31, 2020 and 2019, our global average headcount was 2,108 and 1,556 employees, respectively. Competition for qualified employees is intense in our industry, and the loss of even a few qualified employees, or an inability to attract, retain and motivate additional highly skilled employees required for the planned expansion of our business could harm our operating results and impair our ability to grow. To attract and retain key personnel, we use various measures, including an equity incentive program for key executive officers and other employees. These measures may not be enough to attract and retain the personnel we require to operate our business effectively.

The technology industry generally experiences a significant rate of turnover of its workforce. There is a limited pool of individuals who have the skills and training needed to help us grow our company. As we continue to grow, we may be unable to continue to attract or retain the personnel we need to maintain our competitive position. In addition to hiring new employees, we must continue to focus on retaining our best talent. Competition for these resources, particularly for engineers, is intense. We may need to invest significant amounts of cash and equity to attract and retain new and existing employees and we may never realize returns on these investments. If we are not able to effectively increase and retain our talent, our ability to achieve our strategic objectives will be adversely impacted, and our business will be harmed. The loss of one or more of our key employees, and any failure to have in place and execute an effective succession plan for those key employees, could seriously harm our business. Employees may be more likely to leave us if the shares of our capital stock they own or the shares of our capital stock underlying their equity incentive awards have significantly reduced in value.

In addition, our future depends on the continued contributions of our senior management team and other key personnel, each of whom would be difficult to replace. In particular, Dr. Ali Parsadoust, our founder (“Founder”) and Chief Executive Officer, is critical to our future vision and strategic direction. We rely on our leadership team in the areas of operations, research and development, marketing, sales, and general and administrative functions. Although we have entered into employment agreements or offer letters with our key employees, these agreements have no specific duration and key employees are able to leave on little or no notice. We do not maintain key person life insurance for some of our key employees. In addition, from time to time, there may be changes in our senior management team that may be disruptive to our business. If our senior management team, including any new hires that we may make, fail to work together effectively and to execute our plans and strategies on a timely basis, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed. Further, if our Founder were to terminate his employment or be terminated for cause, he would retain voting control of our company following his separation.

While we do include post-termination restrictions in our standard employment contracts and cross-train employees where possible to maintain operational knowledge and experience, if any of our senior management team or key employees joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose customers, suppliers, know-how and staff members to them. In addition, if any of our sales executives or other sales personnel, who generally maintain close relationships with our customers, joins a competitor or forms a competing company, we may lose customers to that company, and our revenue may be materially adversely affected. Additionally, there could be unauthorized disclosure or use of our technical knowledge, business practices or procedures by such personnel. Any non-competition, non-solicitation or non-disclosure agreements we have with our senior executives or key employees might not provide effective protection to us in light of legal uncertainties associated with the enforceability of such agreements.

Our profitability and the cost of providing our services are affected by our utilization rates of our employees in our various locations. If we are not able to maintain appropriate utilization rates for our employees involved in the delivery of our services, our profit margin and our profitability may suffer. Our utilization rates are affected by a number of factors, including:

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our ability to promptly transition our employees from completed projects to new assignments and to hire and integrate new employees;

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our ability to forecast demand for our services and thereby maintain an appropriate number of employees in each of our delivery locations;

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our ability to deploy employees with appropriate skills and seniority to projects;

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our ability to manage the attrition of our employees; and

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our need to devote time and resources to training, professional development and other activities that cannot be billed to our customers.

Our revenue could also suffer if we misjudge demand patterns and do not recruit sufficient employees to satisfy demand. Employee shortages could prevent us from completing our contractual commitments in a timely manner and cause us to lose contracts or customers. Further, to the extent that we lack sufficient employees with lower levels of seniority and daily or hourly rates, we may be required to deploy more senior employees with higher rates on projects without the ability to pass such higher rates along to our customers, which could adversely affect our profitability and results of operations.

Our growth depends in part on the success of our relationships with third parties.

In order to grow our business, we anticipate that we will continue to depend on our relationships with third parties, including our partners. Our partners include healthcare payers, healthcare providers, governments and health systems, pharmaceutical companies and retailers, and technology and content providers. Identifying partners, and negotiating and documenting relationships with them, requires significant time and resources. Our competitors may be effective in providing incentives to third parties to favor their products or services or to prevent or reduce subscriptions to, or utilization of, our products and solutions. In addition, acquisitions of our partners by our competitors could result in a decrease in the number of our current and potential customers, as our partners may no longer facilitate the adoption of our products and solutions by potential customers. If we are unsuccessful in establishing or maintaining our relationships with third parties, our ability to compete in the marketplace or to grow our revenue could be impaired and our results of operations may suffer. Even if we are successful, we cannot assure you that these relationships will result in increased client use of our products and solutions or increased revenue.

Our quarterly results may fluctuate significantly, which could adversely impact the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Our quarterly results of operations, including our revenue, net loss and cash flows, have varied and may vary significantly in the future, and period-to-period comparisons of our results of operations may not be meaningful. Accordingly, our quarterly results may not fully reflect the underlying performance of our business and should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance.

Most of our revenue in any given quarter is derived from contracts entered into with our customers during previous quarters. Consequently, a decline in new or renewed contracts in any one quarter may not be fully reflected in our revenue for that quarter. Such declines, however, would negatively affect our revenue in future periods and the effect of significant downturns in sales of and market demand for our solution, and potential changes in our rate of renewals or renewal terms, may not be fully reflected in our results of operations until future periods. Our licensing model also makes it difficult for us to rapidly increase our total revenue through additional sales in any period, as revenue from new customers must be recognized over the applicable term of the contract. Accordingly, the effect of changes in the industry impacting our business or changes we experience in our new sales may not be reflected in our short-term results of operations. Any fluctuation in our quarterly results may not accurately reflect the underlying performance of our business and could cause a decline in the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially adversely affected by risks associated with our international operations.

We have employees located in the United States, United Kingdom, Singapore, Rwanda and India. We have commercial partnerships with clients in the United States, United Kingdom, Rwanda, 11 territories in Southeast Asia and Canada. We may further expand our international operations in the future. We have invested significant resources in our international operations and expect to continue to do so in the future. An important part of targeting international markets is increasing our brand awareness and establishing

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relationships with customers internationally. However, there are certain risks inherent in doing business in international markets, particularly in the healthcare industry, which is heavily regulated in many jurisdictions. These risks include:

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local economic, political and social conditions, including the possibility of economic slowdowns, hyperinflationary conditions, political instability, social unrest, including the current conflict in Ukraine and the surrounding region, which could lead to further disruption, instability, and volatility in global markets, and exacerbate inflation and supply chain disruptions;

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outbreaks of pandemic or contagious diseases, such as Ebola, Zika, avian flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), H1N1 (swine flu), the disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 novel coronavirus (COVID-19), and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS);

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multiple, conflicting and changing laws and regulations such as tax laws, privacy, data protection and telemedicine laws and regulations, export and import restrictions, employment laws, regulatory requirements and other governmental approvals, permits and licenses;

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obtaining regulatory approvals or clearances where required for the sale of our solution and services in various countries;

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requirements to maintain data and the processing of that data on servers located within the United States or in other such countries we may operate in;

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protecting and enforcing our intellectual property rights;

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complexities associated with managing multiple payer reimbursement regimes and government payers;

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competition from companies with significant market share in our market, with greater resources than we have and with a better understanding of user preferences;

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financial risks, such as longer payment cycles, difficulty collecting accounts receivable, the effect of local and regional financial pressures on demand and payment for our products and services and exposure to foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations;

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the inability to manage and coordinate the various legal and regulatory requirements of multiple jurisdictions that are constantly evolving and subject to change;

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actual or threatened trade war or sanctions, including between the United States and China and Russia, or other governmental action related to tariffs, international trade agreements or trade policies;

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currency exchange rate fluctuations, changes in currency policies or practices and restrictions on currency conversion;

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limitations or restrictions on the repatriation or other transfer of funds;

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the inability to enforce agreements, collect payments or seek recourse under or comply with differing commercial laws;

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natural disasters, political and economic instability, including wars, terrorism, political unrest, outbreak of disease, boycotts, curtailment of trade, and other market restrictions; and

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managing the potential conflicts between locally accepted business practices and our obligations to comply with laws and regulations, including anti-corruption and anti-money laundering laws and regulations.

Entry into certain transactions with foreign entities may be subject to government regulations, including review related to foreign direct investment by U.S. or foreign government entities. If a transaction with a foreign entity is subject to regulatory review, such regulatory review might limit our ability to enter into the desired strategic alliance and thus our ability to carry out our long-term business strategy.

Our overall success and ability to continue to expand our business depends, in part, on our ability to anticipate and effectively manage these risks and there can be no assurance that we will be able to do so without incurring unexpected or increased costs. If we are not able to manage the risks related to our international operations, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially

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adversely affected. In certain regions, the degree of these risks may be higher due to more volatile economic, political or social conditions, less developed and predictable legal and regulatory regimes and increased potential for various types of adverse governmental action. Our ability to continue to expand our business and to attract talented employees, customers and members in various international markets will require considerable management attention and resources and is subject to the particular challenges of supporting a rapidly growing business. Entering new international markets is expensive, our ability to successfully gain market acceptance or establish a robust customer base in any particular market is uncertain. Further, the potential distraction this could cause our senior management team could lead to other areas of our operations being neglected and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Economic uncertainty or downturns, particularly as it impacts particular industries, could adversely affect our business, financial conditions and results of operations.

In recent years, the United States, the United Kingdom and other significant markets have experienced cyclical downturns and worldwide economic conditions remain uncertain, including as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. Economic uncertainty, political uncertainty, including as a result of the United Kingdom’s departure from the EU (“Brexit”), and the associated macroeconomic and employment conditions and national and local government responses thereto make it extremely difficult for our customers and us to accurately forecast and plan future business activities, and could cause our customers to slow spending on our solution, which could delay and lengthen sales cycles. In connection with Brexit, changes to health legislation have been proposed. While we believe that many of the proposed changes are likely to have taken place regardless of Brexit, some changes, including to procurement law, may be impacted more widely than otherwise. Furthermore, during uncertain economic times our customers may face issues gaining timely access to sufficient credit, which could result in an impairment of their ability to make timely payments to us. If that were to occur, we may be required to increase our allowance for doubtful accounts or bad debts and our results of operations could be negatively impacted. In particular, legal, political and economic uncertainty surrounding Brexit may be a source of instability in international markets, create significant currency fluctuations, adversely affect our operations in the United Kingdom and pose additional risks to our business, revenue, financial conditions, and results of operations. Additionally, changes to health legislation are proposed and, while much of this is likely to have taken place regardless of Brexit, some changes, including to procurement law, may be impacted more widely than otherwise.

Furthermore, we have customers in a variety of different industries. A significant downturn in the economic activity attributable to any particular industry may cause organizations to react by reducing their capital and operating expenditures in general or by specifically reducing their spending on healthcare matters. In addition, our customers may delay or cancel healthcare projects or seek to lower their costs by renegotiating vendor contracts. To the extent purchases of our solution are perceived by customers and potential customers to be discretionary, our revenue may be disproportionately affected by delays or reductions in general healthcare spending. Also, competitors, especially those who have more significant resources or additional sector offerings than we do, may respond to challenging market conditions by lowering prices and attempting to lure away our customers.

In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, the United States Congress, CMS and other federal agencies with oversight of care delivery requirements made several changes in the manner in which Medicare will pay for telemedicine visits, many of which relax previous requirements, including site requirements for both the providers and members, telemedicine modality requirements and others. State laws and regulations applicable to telemedicine, particularly licensure requirements, also were relaxed in many jurisdictions as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. These relaxed regulations have allowed us to continue operating our business and delivering care to our members predominantly through telemedicine modalities. Nearly all of the Federal measures will expire at the end of the public health emergency declaration, which is currently effective through April 16, 2022, but has been renewed several times since it went into effect on January 27, 2020. Many state law and regulatory changes have already expired while others have continued. It is unclear which, if any, of these changes will remain in place permanently and which will be rolled-back following the COVID-19 pandemic, although there have been a number of state law and regulatory changes over the past year that clarify requirements or remove impediments. If regulations change to restrict our ability to or prohibit us from delivering care or receiving reimbursement for care delivered through telemedicine modalities, our financial condition and results of operations may be adversely affected. In England, reports of pressures in primary

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services began to emerge during the COVID-19 pandemic. Following a period of cessation of some services in the NHS and a restart, there is likely to be additional demand for NHS services caused by delayed appointments, delayed presentations, and investigations. This could result in an increased demand for U.K. non-NHS services, which could result in Babylon GP at Hand experiencing cost pressures.

We cannot predict the timing, strength, or duration of any economic slowdown or any subsequent recovery generally, or any industry in particular. If the conditions in the general economy and the markets in which we operate worsen from present levels, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Failure to adequately expand our direct sales force will impede our growth.

We believe that our future growth will depend on the continued development of our direct sales force and its ability to obtain new customers and to manage our existing customer base. Identifying and recruiting qualified personnel and training them requires significant time, expense and attention. It can take some time from the initial date of hire before a new sales representative is fully trained and productive. Additionally, if we cannot retain members of our direct sales force then this will impact our business adversely, given we will lose trained members and have to spend a corresponding amount of time on hiring and training replacements. Our business may be adversely affected if our efforts to expand and train our direct sales force do not generate a corresponding increase in revenue. In particular, if we are unable to hire, develop and retain sufficient numbers of productive direct sales personnel or if new direct sales personnel are unable to achieve desired productivity levels in a reasonable period of time, sales of our services will suffer and our growth will be impeded.

We may make investments into or acquire other companies or technologies, which could divert our management’s attention, result in dilution to our shareholders, and otherwise disrupt our operations, and we may have difficulty integrating any such acquisitions successfully or realizing the anticipated benefits therefrom, any of which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We made investments in DayToDay in 2019 and Higi in 2020, acquired the remaining equity interests in DayToDay and Higi in late 2021, and our affiliates acquired the assets of First Choice Medical Group in 2020 and the entire issued share capital of the Meritage Medical Network in 2021. In the future, we may seek to acquire or invest in businesses, applications, services, or technologies that we believe could complement or expand our existing and future offerings, enhance our technical capabilities, or otherwise offer growth opportunities. The pursuit of potential acquisitions may divert the attention of management and cause us to incur various expenses in identifying, investigating, and pursuing suitable acquisitions, whether or not they are consummated. In addition, we have limited experience in acquiring other businesses and may have difficulty integrating acquired businesses or assets, retaining key employees of acquired businesses or otherwise realizing any of the anticipated benefits of acquisitions. If we acquire additional businesses, we may not be able to integrate the acquired operations and technologies successfully, or effectively manage the combined business following the acquisition. Integration may prove to be difficult due to the necessity of integrating personnel with disparate business backgrounds, different geographical locations and who may be accustomed to different corporate cultures.

We also may not achieve the anticipated benefits from any acquired business due to a number of factors, including:

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inability to integrate or benefit from acquired technologies or services in a profitable manner;

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unanticipated costs or liabilities, including legal liabilities, associated with the acquisition;

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difficulties and additional expenses associated with supporting legacy products and hosting infrastructure of the acquired business;

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difficulty converting the customers of the acquired business into our current and future offerings and contract terms, including disparities in the revenue model of the acquired company;

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diversion of management’s attention or resources from other business concerns;

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adverse effects on our existing business relationships with customers, members, or strategic partners as a result of the acquisition;

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complexities associated with managing the geographic separation of the combined businesses and consolidating multiple physical locations;

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the potential loss of key employees;

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difficulty integrating employees from the acquired business into our employee framework;

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acquisition targets not having as robust internal controls over financial reporting as would be expected of a public company;

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us becoming subject to new regulations as a result of an acquisition, including if we acquire a business serving customers in a regulated industry or acquire a business with customers or operations in a country in which we do not already operate;

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possible cash flow interruption or loss of revenue as a result of transitional matters; and

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use of substantial portions of our available cash to consummate the acquisition.

We may issue equity securities or incur indebtedness to pay for any such acquisition or investment, and make equity awards under our stock incentive plans to attract, retain, compensate and incentivize employees of businesses that we acquire, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations. Any such issuances of additional capital stock may cause shareholders to experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of our Class A Ordinary Shares to decline.

In addition, a significant portion of the purchase price of any companies we acquire may be allocated to acquired goodwill and other intangible assets, which must be assessed for impairment at least annually. In the future, if our acquisitions do not yield expected returns, we may be required to take charges to our results of operations based on this impairment assessment process, which could adversely affect our results of operations.

We may enter into collaborations, in-licensing arrangements, joint ventures, strategic alliances or partnerships with third-parties that may not result in the development of commercially viable solutions or the generation of significant future revenues.

In the ordinary course of our business, we may enter into collaborations, in-licensing arrangements, joint ventures, strategic alliances, partnerships or other arrangements to provide our services, develop products and pursue new markets. Proposing, negotiating and implementing collaborations, in-licensing arrangements, joint ventures, strategic alliances or partnerships may be a lengthy and complex process. Other companies, including those with substantially greater financial, marketing, sales, technology or other business resources, may compete with us for these opportunities or arrangements. We may not identify, secure, or complete any such transactions or arrangements in a timely manner, on a cost-effective basis, on acceptable terms or at all. We have limited institutional knowledge and experience with respect to these business development activities, and we may also not realize the anticipated benefits of any such transaction or arrangement. In particular, these collaborations may not result in the development of products or services that achieve commercial success or result in significant revenues and could be terminated prior to developing any products. Additionally, contractual negotiations may result in us not owning, or jointly owning with a third party, the intellectual property rights in products and other works developed under our collaborations, joint ventures, strategic alliances or partnerships.

Additionally, we may not be in a position to exercise sole decision making authority regarding the transaction or arrangement, which could create the potential risk of creating impasses on decisions, and our future collaborators may have economic or business interests or goals that are, or that may become, inconsistent with our business interests or goals. It is possible that conflicts may arise with our collaborators, such as conflicts concerning the achievement of performance milestones, or the interpretation of significant terms under any agreement, such as those related to financial obligations or the ownership or control of intellectual property developed during the collaboration. If any conflicts arise with any future collaborators, they may act in their self-interest, which may be adverse to our best interest, and they may breach their obligations to us. In addition, we may have limited control over the amount and timing of resources that any future collaborators devote to our or their future products. Disputes between us and our collaborators may result in litigation or arbitration which would increase our expenses and divert the attention of our

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management. Further, these transactions and arrangements will be contractual in nature and will generally be terminable under the terms of the applicable agreements and, in such event, we may not continue to have rights to the products or services resulting from such transaction or arrangement or may need to purchase such rights at a premium. Additionally, as would be standard for collaborations of such nature, we may have indemnity obligations in respect of, amongst other things, intellectual property and data privacy obligations, which, if triggered, could adversely affect our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We are currently party to, and may enter into future, in-bound intellectual property license agreements. We may not be able to fully protect the intellectual property licensed to us or maintain those licenses. Our licensors may retain the right to prosecute, enforce and defend the intellectual property rights licensed to us, in which case we would depend on the ability of our licensors to obtain, maintain and enforce intellectual property protection for the licensed intellectual property. These licensors may determine not to enforce the licensed intellectual property against other companies or may pursue such litigation less aggressively than we would. In addition, such licenses may only provide us with non-exclusive rights, which could allow other third parties, including our competitors, to utilize the licensed intellectual property rights. Further, our in-bound license agreements may impose various diligence, commercialization, payment or other obligations on us. Our licensors may allege that we have breached our license agreement with them, and accordingly seek to terminate our license, which could adversely affect our freedom to operate or our competitive business position and harm our business prospects.

Our use of open source software could adversely affect our ability to offer our solutions and subject us to possible litigation.

We use open source software in connection with our existing and future offerings. Some of these licenses may contain requirements that we make available source code for modifications or derivative works we create based upon the open source software, and that we license such modifications or derivative works under the terms of a particular open source license or other license granting third-parties certain rights of further use. By the terms of certain open source licenses, we could be required to release the source code of our proprietary software and to make our proprietary software available under open source licenses, if we combine and/or distribute our proprietary software with open source software in certain manners. Although we have a policy on how open source software may be used in our offerings and we monitor our use of open source software, we cannot be sure that all open source software is reviewed prior to use in our proprietary software, that our programmers have not incorporated into our proprietary software open source software subject to such unfavorable license terms, or that they will not do so in the future. Additionally, the terms of many open source licenses to which we are subject have not been interpreted by U.S. or foreign courts. There is a risk that open source software licenses could be construed in a manner that imposes unanticipated conditions or restrictions on our ability to provide our existing and future offerings to our customers and members. In addition, the terms of open source software licenses may require us to provide software that we develop using such open source software, to others, including our competitors, on unfavorable license terms. As a result of our current or future use of open source software, we may face claims or litigation, be required to release our proprietary source code, pay damages for breach of contract, re-engineer our technology, discontinue sales in the event that re-engineering cannot be accomplished on a timely basis, or take other remedial action that may divert resources away from our development efforts, any of which could harm our business.

Our business could be disrupted by catastrophic events and man-made problems, such as power disruptions, cyberattacks, data security breaches and incidents, and terrorism.

Our systems are vulnerable to damage or interruption from the occurrence of any catastrophic event, including earthquake, fire, flood, tsunami, or other weather event, power loss, telecommunications failure, software or hardware malfunction, cyber-attack, ransomware, war, terrorist attack or incident of mass violence, which could result in lengthy interruptions in access to our platform or data. Acts of terrorism, including malicious internet-based activity, could cause disruptions to the internet or the economy as a whole. Even with our disaster recovery arrangements, access to our platform or data could be interrupted. If our systems were to fail or be negatively impacted as a result of a natural disaster or other event, our ability to deliver our platform and solution to our customers and members would be impaired or we could lose critical

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data or our data could be corrupted. If we are unable to successfully execute on our disaster recovery and business continuity plans in the event of a disaster or emergency, our business, financial condition, and results of operations would be harmed.

We have implemented a business continuity and disaster recovery program designed to manage business interruption, which is continually evolving. Specifically, our architecture is designed in availability zones to enable continuity when one or more zones is disrupted by moving traffic in the event of a problem, and the ability to recover in a short period of time. However, should our disaster recovery program fail to effectively support the movement of traffic in a timely or complete manner in the event of a catastrophe such as a natural disaster or sophisticated cyberattack, our business and results of operations may be harmed.

We do not carry business interruption insurance sufficient to compensate us for the potentially significant losses, including the potential harm to our business, financial condition and results of operations that may result from interruptions in access to our platform as a result of system failures.

A pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of an infectious disease in the United States, the United Kingdom or worldwide, including the outbreak of new variants or waves of COVID-19, could adversely affect our business.

If a pandemic, epidemic or outbreak of an infectious disease occurs in the United States, the United Kingdom or worldwide, our business may be adversely affected. The severity, magnitude and duration of the current COVID-19 pandemic is uncertain and rapidly changing. As of the date of this prospectus, the extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic may impact our business, results of operations and financial condition remains uncertain. Furthermore, because of our business model, the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic may not be fully reflected in our results of operations and overall financial condition until future periods.

Adverse market conditions resulting from the spread of COVID-19, including new variants or waves, could materially adversely affect our business and the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares. Numerous state and local jurisdictions, including all markets where we operate, have imposed, and others in the future may impose, “shelter-in-place” orders, quarantines, executive orders and similar government orders and restrictions for their residents to control the spread of COVID-19. Such orders or restrictions have resulted in largely remote operations at our headquarters and centers, work stoppages among some vendors and suppliers, slowdowns and delays, travel restrictions and cancellation of events and have restricted the ability of our front-line outreach teams to host and attend community events, among other effects, thereby significantly and negatively impacting our operations. Other disruptions or potential disruptions include restrictions on the ability of our personnel to travel; inability of our suppliers to manufacture goods and to deliver these to us on a timely basis, or at all; inventory shortages or obsolescence; delays in actions of regulatory bodies; diversion of or limitations on employee resources that would otherwise be focused on the operations of our business, including because of sickness of employees or their families or the desire of employees to avoid contact with groups of people; business adjustments or disruptions of certain third parties; and additional government requirements or other incremental mitigation efforts. The extent to which the COVID-19 pandemic impacts our business will depend on future developments, which are highly uncertain and cannot be predicted, including new information which may emerge concerning the severity and spread of COVID-19 and the actions to contain COVID-19 or treat its impact, including availability, acceptance and efficacy of vaccines and boosters among others. In addition, the COVID-19 virus disproportionately impacts older adults, which describes many of our members.

It is not currently possible to reliably project the direct impact of COVID-19 on our operating revenues and expenses. Key factors include the duration and extent of the outbreak in our service areas as well as societal and governmental responses. Members may continue to be reluctant to seek necessary care given the risks of the COVID-19 pandemic. This could have the effect of deferring healthcare costs that we will need to incur to later periods and may also affect the health of members who defer treatment, which may cause our costs to increase in the future. Further, as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, we may experience slowed growth or a decline in new member demand. We also may experience increased internal and third-party medical costs as we provide care for members suffering from COVID-19. This increase in costs may be significant given the number of our members who are under capitation or value-based care agreements. There is also a risk that, as restrictions stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic are rolled back, our medical expenses may increase in the near-to-medium term as individuals who may have delayed getting routine

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medical treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic begin making appointments to do so. Further, we may face increased competition due to changes to our competitors’ products and services, including modifications to their terms, conditions, and pricing that could materially adversely impact our business, results of operations, and overall financial condition in future periods.

During 2020 and 2021, we temporarily closed all of our corporate offices, and enabled our entire corporate work force to work remotely, the majority of which still does. We also made operational changes to the staffing and operations of our centers to minimize potential exposure to COVID-19. We have also implemented travel restrictions for non-essential business. If the COVID-19 pandemic worsens, especially in regions where we have offices or centers, our business activities originating from affected areas could be adversely affected. Disruptive activities could include business closures in impacted areas, further restrictions on our employees’ and service providers’ ability to travel, impacts to productivity if our employees or their family members experience health issues, and potential delays in hiring and onboarding of new employees. We may take further actions that alter our business operations as may be required by any global authorities where we operate or that we determine are in the best interests of our employees. Such measures could negatively affect our sales and marketing efforts, sales cycles, employee productivity, or customer retention, any of which could harm our financial condition and business operations.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, we may not be able to document the health conditions of our members as completely as we have in the past. Medicare pays capitation using a “risk adjustment model,” which compensates providers based on the health status (acuity) of each individual member. Payers with higher acuity members receive more, and those with lower acuity members receive less. Medicare requires that a member’s health issues be documented annually regardless of the permanence of the underlying causes. Historically, this documentation was required to be completed during an in-person visit with a member. As part of the Coronavirus Aid, Relief and Economic Security Act, or CARES Act, Medicare is allowing documentation for conditions identified during video visits with members. However, given the disruption caused by COVID-19, it is unclear whether we will be able to document the health conditions of our members as comprehensively as we did in prior years, which may adversely impact our revenue in future periods.

Also, under the CARES Act, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services distributed Medicare Grants to healthcare providers to offset the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic related expenses and lost revenues, also known as the Provider Relief Funds. Grants received are subject to the terms and conditions of the program, including that such funds may only be used to prevent, prepare for, and respond to the COVID-19 pandemic and will reimburse only for health care related expenses or lost revenues that are attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic. Recipients are not required to repay these funds, provided that they attest to and comply with certain terms and conditions, including not using the funds to reimburse expenses or losses that other sources are obligated to reimburse. We will continue to monitor our compliance with the terms and conditions of the Provider Relief Funds, including demonstrating that the distributions received have been used for healthcare-related expenses or lost revenue attributable to the COVID-19 pandemic. If we are unable to attest to or comply with current or future terms and conditions our ability to retain some or all of the distributions received may be impacted.

The COVID-19 pandemic could also cause our third-party data center hosting facilities and cloud computing platform providers, which are critical to our infrastructure, to shut down their business, experience security incidents that impact our business, delay or disrupt performance or delivery of services, or experience interference with the supply chain of hardware required by their systems and services, any of which could materially adversely affect our business. Further, the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in our employees and those of many of our vendors working from home and conducting work via the internet, and if the network and infrastructure of internet providers becomes overburdened by increased usage or is otherwise unreliable or unavailable, our employees’, and our customers’ and vendors’ employees’, access to the internet to conduct business could be negatively impacted. Limitations on access or disruptions to services or goods provided by or to some of our suppliers and vendors upon which our platform and business operations relies, could interrupt our ability to provide our platform, decrease the productivity of our workforce, and significantly harm our business operations, financial condition, and results of operations.

Our platform and the other systems or networks used in our business may experience an increase in attempted cyber-attacks, targeted intrusion, ransomware, and phishing campaigns seeking to take advantage of shifts to employees working remotely using their household or personal internet networks and to

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leverage fears promulgated by the COVID-19 pandemic. The success of any of these unauthorized attempts could substantially impact our platform, the proprietary and other confidential data contained therein or otherwise stored or processed in our operations, and ultimately our business. Any actual or perceived security incident also may cause us to incur increased expenses to improve our security controls and to remediate security vulnerabilities.

The extent and continued impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on our business will depend on certain developments, including: the duration and spread of the outbreak; government responses to the pandemic; the impact on our customers and our sales cycles; the impact on customer, industry, or employee events; and the effect on our partners and supply chains, all of which are uncertain and cannot be predicted. Because of our business model, the full impact of the COVID-19 pandemic may not be fully reflected in our results of operations and overall financial condition until future periods.

To the extent the COVID-19 pandemic adversely affects our business and financial results, it may also have the effect of heightening many of the other risks described in this “Risk Factors” section, including but not limited to those relating to cyber-attacks and security vulnerabilities, interruptions or delays due to third-parties, or our ability to raise additional capital or generate sufficient cash flows necessary to expand our operations.

Any failure to offer high-quality implementation, member enrollment and ongoing support may adversely affect our relationships with our customers, and in turn our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Though we assist with targeted marketing campaigns, we do not control our customers’ enrollment schedules. As a result, if our customers do not allocate the internal resources necessary for a successful enrollment for their population, or enrollment launch date is delayed, we could incur significant costs, our enrollment rate may decline, customers could become dissatisfied and decide not to increase utilization of our solution or not to implement our solution beyond an initial period prior to their term commitment. In addition, competitors with more efficient operating models and/or lower implementation costs could jeopardize our customer relationships.

In implementing and using our solutions, our members depend on our member support to resolve issues in a timely manner. We may be unable to respond quickly enough to accommodate short-term increases in demand for member support. We also may be unable to modify the nature, scope and delivery of our services or member support to compete with changes in solutions provided by our competitors. Increased member demand for support could increase costs and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. Our sales are highly dependent on our reputation and on positive recommendations from our existing members, and customers. Any failure to maintain high-quality member support, or a market perception that we do not maintain high-quality member support, could adversely affect our reputation, our ability to sell our solutions, and in turn our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our sales and implementation cycle can be long and unpredictable and requires considerable time and expense. As a result, our sales and revenue are difficult to predict and may vary substantially from period to period, which may cause our results of operations to fluctuate significantly.

The timing of our sales and related revenue recognition is difficult to predict because of the length and unpredictability of our sales cycle. The sales cycle for our solution from initial contact with a potential customer to enrollment launch varies widely by customer, ranging from less than one month to over a year. Some of our customers, especially in the case of our large customers and government entities, undertake a significant and prolonged evaluation process, including to determine whether our solutions meet their unique healthcare needs, which frequently involves evaluation of not only our solution but also of other available solutions, which has in the past resulted in extended sales cycles. Our sales efforts involve educating our customers about the ease of use, technical capabilities and potential benefits of our solution. Once a customer enters into an agreement with us, we then explain the benefits of our solutions again to eligible employees to encourage them to sign up as a member. During the sales cycle, we invest significant human resources and we expend significant time and money on sales and marketing activities, which lowers our operating margins, particularly if no sale occurs. For example, there may be unexpected delays in a customer’s internal procurement processes, particularly for some of our larger customers and government entities for which our products represent a very small percentage of their total procurement activity. There are

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many other factors specific to customers that contribute to the timing of their purchases and the variability of our revenue recognition, including the strategic importance of a particular project to a customer, budgetary constraints, funding authorization, and changes in their personnel. In addition, the significance and timing of our product enhancements, and the introduction of new products by our competitors, may also affect our customers’ purchases. Even if a customer decides to purchase our solutions, there are many factors affecting the timing of our recognition of revenue, which makes our revenue difficult to forecast. For example, once a customer enters into an agreement with us, we work with them to identify the eligible population and then launch an enrollment process. Time from signing to launch typically takes an average of at least three to six months. We do not receive any payment from our customers until members enroll and begin using our solution, which could be months following signing a subscription agreement for our solution. For all of these reasons, it is difficult to predict whether a sale will be completed, the particular period in which a sale will be completed or the period in which revenue from a sale will be recognized.

It is possible that in the future we may experience even longer sales cycles, more complex customer needs, higher upfront sales costs and less predictability in completing some of our sales as we continue to expand our direct sales force, expand into new territories and market additional solutions and services. If our sales cycle lengthens or our substantial upfront sales and implementation investments do not result in sufficient sales to justify our investments, our revenue could be lower than expected and it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Failure to obtain or maintain an insurance license, a certificate of authority or an equivalent authorization allowing our participation in downstream risk-sharing arrangements with payers could subject us to significant penalties and adversely impact our operations.

Regulation of downstream risk-sharing arrangements, including, but not limited to, global risk and other value-based arrangements, varies significantly from state to state. We therefore expect significant uncertainty regarding whether our operations fall within the scope of certain laws or regulations.

If a state in which we currently operate, or a new geography, views our participation in risk-sharing arrangements as the assumption of insurance risk, the arrangement may fall within the purview of state insurance or managed care laws. If so, in connection with our continued operations or our expansion into new geographies, we may be required to obtain a state insurance or managed care license (or some other type of registration) and comply with the state’s insurance or managed care laws and regulations. Such laws and regulations may subject us to significant oversight by state regulators in the form of periodic reporting and audits, required financial reserves and refraining from taking certain actions without prior regulatory approval. The majority of states do not explicitly address whether and in what manner the state regulates the transfer of risk by a payer to a downstream entity, and in such states, regulators may nonetheless interpret statutes and regulations to regulate such activity. If downstream risk-sharing arrangements are not regulated directly in a particular state, the state regulatory agency may nonetheless require oversight by the licensed payer as the party to such a downstream risk-sharing arrangement. Such oversight is accomplished via contract and may include the imposition of reserve requirements and reporting obligations. Failure to comply with these direct and indirect oversight laws can result in significant monetary penalties, administrative fines, fraud or misrepresentation charges, denial of future insurer applications or loss of membership or suspension of membership growth.

Foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and restrictions on the repatriation of cash could adversely affect our results of operations, financial position and cash flows.

Our business is exposed to fluctuations in exchange rates. Although our reporting currency is the U.S. dollar, we operate in different geographical areas and transact in a range of currencies in addition to the U.S. dollar, such as pound sterling. As a result, movements in exchange rates may cause our revenue and expenses to fluctuate, impacting our profitability, financial position and cash flows. Future business operations and opportunities, including any continued expansion of our business outside the United States, may further increase the risk that cash flows resulting from these activities may be adversely affected by changes in currency exchange rates. In the event we are unable to offset these risks, there may be a material adverse impact on our business and operations. In appropriate circumstances where we are unable to naturally offset our exposure to these currency risks, we may enter into derivative transactions to reduce such exposures.

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Even where we implement hedging strategies to mitigate foreign currency risk, these strategies might not eliminate our exposure to foreign exchange rate fluctuations and involve costs and risks of their own, such as ongoing management time and expertise, external costs to implement the strategies and potential accounting implications. Nevertheless, exchange rate fluctuations may either increase or decrease our revenues and expenses as reported in U.S. dollars. Moreover, foreign governments may restrict transfers of cash out of the country and control exchange rates. There can be no assurance that we will be able to repatriate earnings generated, or cash held, by us and our subsidiaries due to exchange control restrictions or the requirements to hold cash locally to meet regulatory solvency requirements. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risks Related to Government Regulation

In the United States, we conduct business in a heavily regulated industry, and if we fail to comply with these laws and government regulations, or if the rules and regulations change or the approach that regulators take in classifying our products and services under such regulations change, we could incur penalties or be required to make significant changes to our operations or experience adverse publicity, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, and results of operations.

The U.S. healthcare industry is heavily regulated and closely scrutinized by federal, state and local governments. Comprehensive statutes and regulations govern the manner in which we provide and bill for services and collect reimbursement from governmental programs and private payers, our contractual relationships with our providers, vendors and customers, our marketing activities and other aspects of our operations. Of particular importance are:

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the federal physician self-referral law, commonly referred to as the Stark Law, that, subject to limited exceptions, prohibits physicians from referring Medicare or Medicaid patients to an entity for the provision of certain “designated health services” if the physician or a member of such physician’s immediate family has a direct or indirect financial relationship (including an ownership interest or a compensation arrangement) with the entity, and prohibit the entity from billing Medicare or Medicaid for such designated health services;

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the federal Anti-Kickback Statute that prohibits the knowing and willful offer, payment, solicitation or receipt of any bribe, kickback, rebate or other remuneration (i) in return for referring or to induce the referral of an individual for the furnishing, or arranging for the furnishing, of items or services paid for in whole or in part by any federal health care program, such as Medicare and Medicaid, and (ii) ordering, leasing, purchasing or recommending or arranging for the ordering, purchasing or leasing of items, services, good, or facility paid for in whole or in part by any federal health care program, such as Medicare and Medicaid. A person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation. In addition, the government may assert that a claim including items or services resulting from a violation of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute constitutes a false or fraudulent claim for purposes of the False Claims Act;

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the criminal healthcare fraud provisions of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (“HIPAA”) and related rules that prohibit knowingly and willfully executing a scheme or artifice to defraud any healthcare benefit program or falsifying, concealing or covering up a material fact or making any material false, fictitious or fraudulent statement in connection with the delivery of or payment for healthcare benefits, items or services. Similar to the federal Anti-Kickback Statute, a person or entity does not need to have actual knowledge of the statute or specific intent to violate it to have committed a violation;

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the federal False Claims Act that imposes civil liability on individuals or entities that, among other things, knowingly submit false or fraudulent claims for payment to the government, or knowingly make, or cause to be made, a false statement in order to have a false claim paid, or retain identified Medicare or Medicaid overpayments and allows for qui tam or whistleblower suits by private individuals on behalf of the government;

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various federal healthcare-focused criminal laws that impose criminal liability for intentionally submitting false or fraudulent claims, or making false statements, to the government;

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reassignment of payment rules that prohibit certain types of billing and collection practices in connection with claims payable by the Medicare or Medicaid programs;

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similar state law provisions pertaining to anti-kickback, self-referral and false claims issues, some of which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any payer, including patients and commercial insurers;

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state laws that prohibit general business corporations, such as us, from practicing medicine, controlling physicians’ medical decisions or engaging in some practices such as splitting fees with physicians;

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state laws, regulations, interpretative guidance, and policies requiring certain modality and other actions to establish a provider-patient relationship, deliver care, or prescribe medications as part of a telehealth service;

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state laws, regulations and policies relating to licensure and the practice of telehealth services across state lines;

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state laws, regulations, interpretative guidance, and policies regarding the dispensing or delivery of medications and devices;

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state laws, regulations, interpretative guidance, and policies regarding reporting requirements and patient consent, education, and follow-up related to treatment, including treatment and education for certain specific topics, such as, contraception, HIV and other STIs and state reporting for HIV, STIs, and infectious diseases;

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laws that regulate debt collection practices as applied to our debt collection practices;

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a provision of the Social Security Act that imposes penalties on healthcare providers who fail to disclose, or refund known overpayments;

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federal and state laws that prohibit providers from billing and receiving payment from Medicare and Medicaid for services unless the services are medically necessary, adequately and accurately documented, and billed using codes that accurately reflect the type and level of services rendered;

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federal and state laws and policies that require healthcare providers to maintain licensure, certification or accreditation to enroll and participate in the Medicare and Medicaid programs, to report certain changes in their operations to the agencies that administer these programs; and

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with respect to medical devices such as our Higi Smart Health Stations, FDA authority over medical device marketing, including assessment and oversight of safety and effectiveness and over “promotional labeling,” and Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) authority over “advertising.”

Because of the breadth of these laws and the narrowness of the statutory exceptions and safe harbors available, it is possible that some of our business activities could be subject to challenge under one or more of such laws. We have implemented a compliance program to maintain compliance with these laws, however instances of non-compliance may prove costly. Failure to comply with these laws and other laws can result in civil and criminal penalties such as fines, damages, overpayment, recoupment, imprisonment, loss of enrollment status and exclusion from the Medicare and Medicaid programs. Medicare and Medicaid programs represent a large portion of our revenue in the United States and exclusion from future participation in these programs would significantly reduce our revenue for years to come. The risk of our being found in violation of these laws and regulations is increased by the fact that many of them have not been fully interpreted by the regulatory authorities or the courts, and their provisions are sometimes open to a variety of interpretations. Our failure to accurately anticipate the application of these laws and regulations to our business or any other failure to comply with regulatory requirements could create liability for us and negatively affect our business. Any action against us for violation of these laws or regulations, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses, divert our management’s attention from the operation of our business and result in adverse publicity.

To enforce compliance with the federal laws, the U.S. Department of Justice (the “DOJ”) and the OIG have recently increased their scrutiny of healthcare providers, which has led to a number of investigations, prosecutions, convictions and settlements in the healthcare industry. Dealing with investigations can be time- and resource-consuming and can divert management’s attention from the business. Any such investigation

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or settlement could increase our costs or otherwise have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, because of the potential for large monetary exposure under the federal False Claims Act, which provides for treble damages and penalties of $11,803 to $23,607 per false claim or statement, healthcare providers often resolve allegations without admissions of liability for significant and material amounts to avoid the uncertainty of treble damages that may be awarded in litigation proceedings. Such settlements often contain additional compliance and reporting requirements as part of a consent decree, settlement agreement or corporate integrity agreement. Given the significant size of actual and potential settlements, it is expected that the government will continue to devote substantial resources to investigating healthcare providers’ compliance with the healthcare reimbursement rules and fraud and abuse laws.

The laws, regulations and standards governing the provision of healthcare services may change significantly in the future. We cannot assure you that any new or changed healthcare laws, regulations or standards will not materially adversely affect our business. We cannot assure you that a review of our business by judicial, law enforcement, regulatory or accreditation authorities will not result in a determination that could adversely affect our operations.

Additionally, the healthcare industry is subject to antitrust scrutiny. The federal government and most states have enacted antitrust laws that prohibit certain types of conduct deemed to be anti-competitive. The FTC, the Antitrust Division of the DOJ and state Attorneys General actively review and, in some cases, take enforcement action against business conduct and acquisitions in the healthcare industry. Private parties harmed by alleged anti-competitive conduct can also bring antitrust suits. Violations of antitrust laws may be punishable by substantial penalties, including significant monetary fines and treble damages, civil penalties, criminal sanctions and consent decrees and injunctions prohibiting certain activities or requiring divestiture or discontinuance of business operations. If antitrust enforcement authorities conclude that we violate any antitrust laws, we could be subject to enforcement actions that could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.

The impact of healthcare reform legislation and other changes in the healthcare industry and in healthcare spending on us is currently unknown, but may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our revenue is dependent on the healthcare industry and could be affected by changes in healthcare spending and policy. The healthcare industry is subject to changing political, regulatory and other influences.

In the United States, the Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) made major changes in how healthcare is delivered and reimbursed, and increased access to health insurance benefits to the uninsured and underinsured population of the United States. Since the adoption of ACA, there have been an increased number of individuals with Medicaid and private insurance coverage, increasingly, reimbursement policies tie payment to quality, alternative payment methodologies, including the Medicare Shared Savings Program, have been adopted or piloted, enforcement of fraud and abuse laws have increased and utilized expanded powers adopted as a part of ACA and the use of information technology has been encouraged.

Although ACA has remained largely intact in the face of multiple challenges, Federal agencies, Congress, states and other regulatory bodies have the ability to impact the extent of the changes implemented by ACA. Accordingly, the full impact of ACA remains unknown, and we cannot predict future actions by Federal agencies, Congress, the states and other regulatory bodies may impact the changes implemented by ACA. We expect that additional state and federal healthcare reform measures will be adopted in the future, any of which could limit the amounts that federal and state governments and other third-party payers will pay for healthcare products and services, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we fail to comply with applicable data interoperability and information blocking rules, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

The 21st Century Cures Act, or the Cures Act, which was passed and signed into law in December 2016, includes provisions related to data interoperability, information blocking and patient access. In March 2020, the HHS Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology, or ONC, and CMS finalized and issued complementary rules that are intended to clarify provisions of the Cures Act regarding

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interoperability and information blocking, and include, among other things, requirements surrounding information blocking. The companion rules will transform the way in which healthcare providers, health IT developers, health information exchanges/health information networks, or HIEs/HINs, and health plans share patient information, and create significant new requirements for healthcare industry participants. For example, the ONC rule, which went into effect on April 5, 2021, prohibits healthcare providers, health IT developers of certified health IT, and HIEs/HINs from engaging in practices that are likely to interfere with, prevent, materially discourage, or otherwise inhibit the access, exchange or use of electronic health information, or EHI, also known as “information blocking.” To further support access and exchange of EHI, the ONC rule identifies eight “reasonable and necessary activities” as exceptions to information blocking activities, as long as specific conditions are met. Any failure to comply with these rules could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We expect to be treated as resident in the United Kingdom for tax purposes, but may be treated as a dual resident company for United Kingdom tax purposes.

Our board of directors conducts our affairs so that the central management and control of the company is exercised in the United Kingdom. As a result, we expect to be treated as resident in the United Kingdom for U.K. tax purposes. Accordingly, we expect to be subject to U.K. taxation on our income and gains, except where an exemption applies.

However, we may be treated as a dual resident company for U.K. tax purposes. As a result, our right to claim certain reliefs from U.K. tax may be restricted, and changes in law or practice in the United Kingdom could result in the imposition of further restrictions on our right to claim U.K. tax reliefs.

Evolving government regulations may result in increased costs or adversely affect our results of operations.

In a regulatory climate that is uncertain, our operations may be subject to direct and indirect adoption, expansion or reinterpretation of various laws and regulations. Compliance with these future laws and regulations may require us to change our practices at an indeterminable and possibly significant initial monetary and recurring expense. These additional monetary expenditures may increase future overhead, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We have identified what we believe are the areas of government regulation that, if changed, would be costly to us. These include:

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rules governing the practice of medicine by physicians;

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laws relating to licensure requirements for physicians and other licensed health professionals;

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laws limiting the corporate practice of medicine and professional fee-splitting;

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laws governing the issuances of prescriptions in an online setting;

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cybersecurity and privacy laws;

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laws and licensure requirements relating to telemedicine;

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laws and regulatory requirements relating to artificial intelligence (which are likely to become more prominent across multiple jurisdictions in the coming years, following the European Commission’s proposal for an EU Regulation on Artificial Intelligence and other recent developments referred to under the subheading “— European Union” below);

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laws and regulatory requirements relating to medical devices including software as a medical device, under U.K. law, EU law and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (the “FDCA”) and the FDA’s enforcement discretion relating to “device” regulatory requirements;

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laws and regulations relating to the manner in which we provide and bill for services and collect reimbursement from governmental programs and private payers (e.g., the physician self-referral law or Anti-Kickback Statute);

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laws and regulations related to the acceptance of risk for medical expenses; and

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laws and rules relating to the distinction between independent contractors and employees. There could be laws and regulations applicable to our business that we have not identified or that, if changed, may be costly to us, and we cannot predict all the ways in which implementation of such laws and regulations may affect us.

Changes in law or regulation in any jurisdiction in which we operate may lead to increased costs and/or resourcing requirements, delays, or may require product features to be modified or discontinued. As an example, the current up-classification of many software as medical devices in the EU as a result of the recently enforced Medical Regulation (EU) No 2017/745 (“EU Medical Devices Regulation”) places a burden on manufacturers, including us, to comply with additional requirements (see “Business — Overview — Regulatory Environment — Medical Device Regulation — Regulation of Medical Devices in the European Union”). Some devices will now require to be certified by a notified body while they were only subject to self-assessment conformity under the former EU Medical Devices Directive. As a result of the transition, notified body review times have lengthened, and product introductions or modifications could be delayed or canceled, which could adversely affect our ability to grow our business.

Moreover, there is an increasing trend in the EU, United Kingdom and United States towards regulation of AI and the protection of citizens from harm caused by AI, although no specific substantive legislation has been enacted in these jurisdictions to date.

European Union

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On April 21, 2021, the European Commission published its proposal for an EU Regulation on AI (the “Draft Regulation”). The proposal was supplemented by a compromise text issued on November 29, 2021 by the Presidency of the European Council. The Draft Regulation is not current EU law. It will proceed through a detailed legislative process (which is expected to take several years) and, if enacted, will also provide for a transition period to enable affected parties to comply. As with previous EU legislation relating to technology (such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”)), it is likely that the final text will be significantly different from the Draft Regulation.

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The Draft Regulation applies to providers, users, importers and distributors of AI systems. It establishes a risk-based framework of requirements and enforcement mechanisms for various AI use-cases. This includes “high-risk” AI systems, which (among other criteria) encompass products or components that are subject to Regulation (EU) 2017/745 on medical devices.

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The Draft Regulation, if enacted, would have extra-territorial effect and would apply to:

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providers (established within or outside the EU) that supply or put an AI system into service in the EU;

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users of AI systems located within the EU; and

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providers and users located outside the EU, if the output produced by the AI system is used in the EU.

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Our mobile app (including our AI-driven digital health tools, Triage and Healthcheck) is currently available for download within the EU. We could be determined to be a provider, given that we develop the app and put it onto the market.

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If we were determined to be a provider of high-risk AI systems, our substantive obligations would include (among other measures) implementation of compliant risk-management and data governance systems, creation and maintenance of technical documentation, record-keeping requirements, detailed transparency obligations and post-market monitoring. Although we have many of these in place already, the specific requirements may vary. The Draft Regulation also requires high-risk AI systems to be CE- marked following a conformity assessment procedure. These measures could create additional costs (e.g. additional hires for product and compliance teams) and potential delays in the development and deployment of our AI-based products and services within the EU. If we fail to comply, we may be subject to fines or other penalties.

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Certain obligations in the Draft Regulation apply to users of high-risk AI systems, which could include our commercial partners and licensees. A user is any entity or person under whose authority

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a provider’s AI system is operated (rather than a human end-user). These obligations include ensuring input data is relevant for the intended purpose, monitoring the operation of the AI system and keeping logs generated by the system. As a result, we may be required to implement additional operational procedures and contractual protections (with potentially negative impacts on commercial partnership and licensing revenues) to enable our partners and licensees to comply with their own obligations when using our AI.

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If we were not determined to be a provider of high-risk AI systems, we could still be required to adhere to certain transparency standards under the Draft Regulation.

United Kingdom

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The Draft Regulation would not be part of U.K. law in light of Brexit. However, it would apply indirectly to parties in the U.K. through the extra-territorial effect detailed above (i.e., U.K.-based providers/users would need to comply if supplying or using AI systems, or their output, within the EU). Our mobile app is currently available for download in the EU. On September 22, 2021, the U.K. government published a national AI strategy (the “AI Strategy”), setting out a ten-year plan to invest in the U.K.’s AI ecosystem, transition the U.K. to an AI-enabled economy, and focus on national and international governance of AI technologies. The AI Strategy includes plans to create a “trusted and pro-innovation” AI governance regime. We continue to monitor the output of the AI Strategy to assess its potential impact on the regulation of our business. Recent developments and outputs include the publication of the Algorithmic Transparency Standard by the U.K. Central Digital and Data Office in November 2021 (which is currently being piloted among public sector organizations in the U.K. but could, if it becomes more broadly applicable to those providing public sector services, create new transparency reporting obligations for our NHS offering through Babylon GP at Hand). The U.K. Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency (“MHRA”) also collaborated with the FDA to issue joint Guiding Principles on Good Machine Learning Practice for Medical Device Development in October 2021, as described further under the subheading “— United States” below.

United States

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Policy and legislative developments in the United States over the past two years suggest a greater focus on the regulation of AI, with a particular emphasis on algorithmic accountability and mitigation of algorithmic bias/discrimination.

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The Executive Order on Maintaining American Leadership in Artificial Intelligence (No. 13,859) (issued on February 11, 2019), included a guiding principle of “fostering public trust and confidence in AI technologies.” House Resolution 153 on Supporting the Development of Guidelines for Ethical Development of Artificial Intelligence (issued by the U.S. House of Representatives on February 27, 2019 but not yet adopted) sets out aims for the “safe, responsible and democratic development” of AI, through principles such as transparency, privacy, accountability, access, fairness and safety.

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The most significant legislative development was the introduction in Congress of the bill for the federal Algorithmic Accountability Act on April 10, 2019 (the “Bill”), which would require independent impact assessments to be conducted on certain “critical” automated decision systems (i.e. those having any legal, material or similarly significant effect on a consumer’s life) to assess their accuracy, fairness, bias, discrimination, privacy and security, where the relevant organization meets certain threshold criteria (based primarily on revenue and volume of data held). The Bill would also impose additional requirements around reporting, transparency and the taking of measures to mitigate any material negative impact of an automated decision system. The Bill did not advance in 2019, but was introduced in the U.S. Senate and in the U.S. House of Representatives on February 3, 2022.

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If enacted and if applicable to us, the Bill’s requirement to carry out detailed impact assessments and comply with reporting, transparency and impact mitigation requirements could create additional costs (including additional hires for compliance teams) and delays in our engineering and product development processes. The Bill would also not prevent the introduction of further legislation at the state level which might, if applicable, impose additional (potentially separate or overlapping)

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requirements on us. An early example is the bill for the New Jersey Algorithmic Accountability Act (introduced on May 20, 2019), which is similar in scope and effect to the Bill and is still moving through the New Jersey legislative process.

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In October 2021, the MHRA collaborated with the FDA to issue joint Guiding Principles on Good Machine Learning Practice for Medical Device Development. The Guiding Principles are intended to inform the development of Good Machine Learning Practice in relation to the development of AI- and machine learning-based medical devices. Although our Triage/Symptom Checker product is not currently regulated as a medical device in the United States, the guidelines include a number of good-practice measures that already form part of our product development and operational processes.

In the jurisdictions in which we operate, even where we believe we are in compliance with all applicable laws, due to the uncertain regulatory environment, certain jurisdictions may determine that we are in violation of their laws. In the event that we must remedy such violations, we may be required to modify our services and products in a manner that undermines our solution’s attractiveness to our customers, consumers or providers or experts, we may become subject to fines or other penalties or, if we determine that the requirements to operate in compliance in such jurisdictions are overly burdensome, we may elect to terminate our operations in such places. In each case, our revenue may decline and our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

Additionally, the introduction of new services may require us to comply with additional, yet undetermined, laws and regulations. Compliance may require obtaining appropriate licenses or certificates, increasing our security measures and expending additional resources to monitor developments in applicable rules and ensure compliance. The failure to adequately comply with these future laws and regulations may delay or possibly prevent some of our products or services from being offered to customers, or their members and patients, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Changes to the regulatory environment and market for health insurance in the United States could affect the adoption of our products and services and our future revenue.

Our business interacts closely with the U.S. health insurance system, which is evolving and subject to a changing regulatory environment. Our future financial performance will depend in part on growth in the market for private health insurance, as well as our ability to adapt to regulatory developments.

Changes and developments in the health insurance system in the United States could reduce demand for our services and harm our business. For example, there has been an ongoing national debate relating to the health insurance system in the United States. Certain elected officials have introduced proposals to expand the Medicare program, ranging from proposals that would create a new single-payer national health insurance program for all United States residents, replacing virtually all other sources of public and private insurance, to more incremental approaches, such as lowering the age of eligibility for the Medicare program, expanding Medicare to a larger population, or creating a new public health insurance option that would compete with private insurers. Additionally, proposals to establish a single-payer or government-run health care system at the state level have been introduced in some of our key states, such as New York and California.

At the federal level, President Biden and Congress may consider other legislation and/or executive orders to change elements of the ACA. In December 2019, a federal appeals court held that the individual mandate portion of the ACA was unconstitutional and left open the question whether the remaining provisions of the ACA would be valid without the individual mandate. On November 10, 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court heard oral arguments in this matter, and in June 2021, the Supreme Court held that Texas and other challengers had no legal standing to challenge the ACA, upholding the ACA. On January 28, 2021, President Biden issued an Executive Order that states it is the policy of his administration to protect and strengthen Medicaid and the ACA, and to make high-quality healthcare accessible and affordable to all Americans, and directs the Secretary of HHS to consider opening a special enrollment period for uninsured and under-insured Americans to seek individual market coverage through the federal health insurance marketplace. On the same day, in response to the President’s Executive Order, CMS announced a special enrollment period from February 15, 2021 through May 15, 2021, which was extended to August 15, 2021 due to the coronavirus public health emergency, for uninsured and under-insured individuals and families to

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seek coverage through the federal health insurance marketplace. The Executive Order also directs federal agencies to examine agency actions to determine whether they are consistent with the Administration’s commitment regarding the ACA, and begin rulemaking to suspend, revise, or rescind any inconsistent actions. Areas of focus include policies or practices that may reduce affordability of coverage, present unnecessary barriers to individuals and families attempting to access Medicare or ACA coverage, or undermine protections for people with preexisting conditions. We continue to evaluate the effect that the ACA and its possible modifications, repeal and replacement may have on our business.

There may also be changes on the state level that could adversely impact our business. For example, the California Department of Health Care Services (“DHCS”), is currently in the process of recontracting with Medi-Cal managed care plans. If the Medi-Cal managed care plans that we currently contract with change as a result of this DHCS request for proposal and procurement process, and we are unable to secure new contracts with the new Medi-Cal managed care plans, the demand in our services may decrease and harm our business.

Opposition in the United Kingdom to the involvement of private sector providers in the delivery of healthcare services could adversely affect our business.

Our business in England interacts closely with the NHS, including through our delivery of our Babylon GP at Hand offering. The involvement of independent sector providers in the NHS is a regularly discussed topic. Independent providers have long played a role in the delivery of services in the NHS. Whilst we are unaware that a central record of independent sector spend by the NHS is retained, critics claim that spend in this area has increased over time and undermines the NHS core values. In the recent past, both Labour and Conservative governments have used independent providers to increase patient choice and competition, as well as increasing capacity to provide services. In recent years, there have been large-scale attempts to procure services from providers, including independent sector providers, which have received criticism and created delays. Tenders and contracts have been abandoned, and the topic of the “privatization of the NHS” continues to be debated by stakeholders, including patients, the general public, physicians, the media and politicians. It is unlikely that the debate around the “privatization of the NHS” will entirely subside, and it will remain a risk to our business.

The U.K. Department of Health and Social Care (“DHSC”) has published the “Provider Selection Regime: supplementary consultation on the detail of proposals for regulations” (“PSR”) for the procurement of healthcare services which closes on March 28, 2022. Subject to U.K. Parliamentary approval of the U.K. Health and Care Bill, DHSC is working towards implementing integrated care boards (“ICBs”) in July 2022 and intends to implement the PSR as soon as possible after this.

In addition, there is a risk that the ICBs could challenge how the Babylon GP at Hand contractual structure operates, or that the legislation regarding the persons eligible to enter into a general medical services contract could change such that the contractual structure no longer complies with the legislation. The Babylon GP at Hand contractual structure relies on four individuals holding the general medical services contract in their individual capacity. While we have broad control regarding two of these individuals due to their employment arrangements with us, we largely rely on our working relationship with the other two. Any scrutiny, investigation, or litigation with regard to our arrangement could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations, particularly if we are unable to restructure our operations and arrangements to comply with applicable laws or we are required to restructure at a significant cost, or if we were subject to penalties or other adverse action.

We are subject to export and import control laws and regulations that could impair our ability to compete in international markets or subject us to liability if we violate such laws and regulations.

We and our products in many cases are subject to U.S. import and export controls and trade and economic sanctions regulations, including the U.S. Export Administration Regulations, U.S. Customs regulations, and various economic and trade sanctions regulations administered by the U.S. Treasury Department’s Office of Foreign Assets Control. These laws prohibit the shipment or provision of certain products and solutions to certain countries, governments and persons targeted by U.S. sanctions. Exports of our products and services must be made in compliance with these laws and regulations when applicable. If

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in the future we are found to be in violation of U.S. sanctions or export control laws, it could result in civil and criminal penalties, including loss of export privileges and substantial fines for us and for the individuals working for us.

In addition, various countries regulate the import and export of certain encryption and other technology, including import and export permitting and licensing requirements, and have enacted laws that could limit our ability to distribute our solution or permit the use of our platform in those countries.

Changes in our solution, or future changes in export and import regulations, may prevent our customers with international operations from deploying our platform globally or, in some cases, prevent the export or import of our solution to certain countries, governments or persons altogether. Any change in export or import regulations, economic sanctions or related legislation or change in the countries, governments, persons or technologies targeted by such regulations, could result in decreased use of our platform by, or in our decreased ability to export or sell subscriptions to our platform to, existing or potential customers with international operations. Any decreased use of our platform or limitation on our ability to export or sell our solution would likely adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are also subject to other laws and regulations governing our international operations, including regulations administered by the governments of the United Kingdom and the United States, and authorities in the EU, including applicable export control regulations, economic sanctions and embargoes on certain countries and persons, anti-money laundering laws, import and customs requirements and currency exchange regulations. While we have mechanisms to identify high-risk individuals and entities before contracting with them, an instance of non-compliance with all such applicable laws could result in our being subject to criminal and civil penalties, disgorgement and other sanctions and remedial measures, and legal expenses. Likewise, any investigation of any potential violations of such laws by U.K., U.S. or other authorities could also have an adverse impact on our reputation, our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to the U.K. Bribery Act, the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and other anti-corruption laws and anti-money laundering laws. Failure to comply with these laws could subject us to penalties and other adverse consequences.

Our operations are subject to anti-corruption laws, including the U.K. Bribery Act 2010 (the “Bribery Act”), the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, as amended (the “FCPA”), the U.S. domestic bribery statute at 18 U.S.C. §201, the U.S. Travel Act, and other anti-corruption laws and anti-money laundering laws that apply in countries where we do business. The Bribery Act, the FCPA and these other anti-corruption laws generally prohibit us and our employees, agents, representatives, business partners, and third-party intermediaries from authorizing, promising, offering, or providing, directly or indirectly, improper or prohibited payments, or anything else of value, to recipients in the public or private sector in order to obtain or retain business or gain some other business advantage.

We sometimes leverage third parties to sell our products and conduct our business abroad. Under the Bribery Act, we may also be liable for failing to prevent a person associated with us from committing a bribery offense. We, our employees, agents, representatives, business partners and our third-party intermediaries may have direct or indirect interactions with officials and employees of government agencies or state-owned or affiliated entities and may be held liable for the corrupt or other illegal activities of these employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries even if we do not explicitly authorize those activities. While we have mechanisms to identify high-risk individuals and entities before contracting with them, we operate in a number of jurisdictions that pose a high risk of potential Bribery Act or FCPA violations. We cannot assure you that all of our employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries will not take actions that violate applicable law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. As we increase our international sales and business, our risks under these laws may increase.

These laws also require that we keep accurate books and records and maintain internal controls and compliance procedures designed to prevent any such actions. While we have policies and procedures to address compliance with those laws, we cannot assure you that none of our employees, agents, representatives, business partners or third-party intermediaries will take actions that violate our policies and applicable

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law, for which we may be ultimately held responsible. In addition, we cannot predict the nature, scope or effect of future regulatory requirements to which our international operations might be subject or the manner in which existing laws might be administered or interpreted.

Any allegations or violation of the FCPA, the Bribery Act or other applicable anti-bribery and anti-corruption laws and anti-money laundering laws could result in whistleblower complaints, sanctions, settlements, prosecution, enforcement actions, fines, damages, adverse media coverage, investigations, loss of export privileges, severe criminal or civil sanctions, or suspension or debarment from government contracts, all of which may have an adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations, and prospects. Responding to any investigation or action will likely result in a materially significant diversion of management’s attention and resources and significant defense costs and other professional fees.

Certain of our software products could become subject to extensive regulatory oversight by the FDA, which may increase the cost of conducting, or otherwise harm, our business.

The FDA has authority to regulate medical devices, which are subject to extensive and rigorous regulation including with respect to their design, development, manufacturing, testing, labeling, packaging, safety, efficacy, premarket review, marketing, sales, distribution, import and export. A “device” is broadly defined under the FDCA to mean an instrument, apparatus, implement, machine, contrivance, implant, in vitro reagent, or other similar or related article, including a component part or accessory which is, among other things, intended for use in the diagnosis of diseases or other conditions or in the cure, mitigation, treatment or prevention of disease, or which is intended to affect the structure or function of the body and does not achieve its primary intended purpose through chemical action and is not dependent upon being metabolized for the achievement of such purpose. The FDA considers certain software functions with these intended uses to constitute devices. However, the 21st Century Cures Act amended the FDCA to exclude from the definition of a “device” certain types of software, including software used for administrative support of a healthcare facility; software intended for maintaining or encouraging a healthy lifestyle and unrelated to the diagnosis, cure, mitigation, prevention, or treatment of a disease or condition; certain software intended to transfer, store, convert formats, or display the equivalent of paper medical charts; and software designed for transferring, storing, or displaying medical device data or in vitro diagnostic data; and certain clinical decision support software.

In addition, the FDA has issued guidance establishing certain policies pursuant to which it has indicated it will exercise enforcement discretion and will not apply its regulatory authorities with respect to certain kinds of software that may otherwise fall within the definition of a device. For example, the FDA has established a compliance policy for certain products that may fall within the definition of a device, but that are intended for only “general wellness use” and present a low risk to the safety of users and other persons. The FDA defines a “general wellness use” to be (i) an intended use that relates to maintaining or encouraging a general state of health or a healthy activity, or (ii) an intended use that relates the role of healthy lifestyle with helping to reduce the risk or impact of certain chronic diseases or conditions and where it is well understood and accepted that healthy lifestyle choices may play an important role in health outcomes for the disease or condition. For such low-risk products, FDA does not intend to examine whether the product constitutes a medical device, and if the product is a medical device, whether the product complies with the premarket review and post-market regulatory requirements of the FDCA. As such, if a medical device falls within the definition of a “low risk general wellness product,” the product may be subject to enforcement discretion under the FDA’s compliance policy for such products, meaning that the FDA will not enforce its medical device authorities with respect to that product. In addition, the FDA has established an enforcement discretion policy for certain mobile medical apps that otherwise fall within the definition of a medical device but do not pose a risk to patient safety in the event of a failure to function as intended.

We believe certain of our currently marketed applications are not regulated by the FDA as medical devices, or alternatively, that even if our products are medical devices, they are subject to FDA’s current enforcement discretion policies applicable to software products. However, the FDA may disagree with our determination and may conclude that such applications are medical devices requiring premarket authorization, which we have not obtained, and post-market regulatory requirements, with which we have not complied. If the FDA makes this determination with respect to any software that we either believe is not a device or is a device but qualifies for enforcement discretion, we could be required to cease commercial distribution of

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the software or recall the offering pending receipt of any required marketing authorization, and we could be subject to untitled letters, warning letters, fines, injunctions, consent decrees and civil penalties, operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of production, delays in or refusal to grant clearances or approvals, prohibitions on sales of our products, criminal prosecution, other enforcement action, litigation, and negative publicity, any of which could materially, adversely affect our business. In addition, there is a risk that the FDA could alter its enforcement discretion policies, which could subject our software to more stringent medical device regulations even if the FDA were to agree with our assertion that our software is not subject to regulation by the FDA currently.

In addition, if the FDA determines that any of our current or future software products are regulated as medical devices and not otherwise subject to enforcement discretion, we would become subject to various requirements under the FDCA and the FDA’s implementing regulations, which could result in higher than anticipated costs and have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Certain of our products and operations are subject to extensive regulation as medical devices in the United States and other jurisdictions.

We market certain products, including the Higi Smart Health Stations, which are regulated as medical devices by the FDA in the United States and by comparable foreign regulatory authorities in other jurisdictions. The FDA and foreign regulatory agencies regulate, among other things, with respect to medical devices their design, development, manufacturing, testing, labeling, packaging, safety, efficacy, premarket review or certification, marketing, sales, distribution, import and export.

In the United States, before we can market a new medical device, or a new use of, new claim for or significant modification to an existing medical device, we must first receive clearance from the FDA under Section 510(k) of the FDCA, grant of a de novo classification request, or approval of pre-market approval, or PMA, application from the FDA, unless an exemption from pre-market review applies. In the 510(k) clearance process, the FDA must determine that a proposed device is “substantially equivalent” to a device legally on the market, known as a “predicate” device, with respect to intended use, technology and safety and effectiveness, in order to clear the proposed device for marketing. Clinical data is sometimes required to support substantial equivalence. The PMA pathway requires an applicant to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the device based, in part, on extensive data, including, but not limited to, technical, preclinical, clinical trial, manufacturing and labeling data. The PMA process is typically required for devices that are deemed to pose the greatest risk, such as life-sustaining, life-supporting or implantable devices. However, some devices are automatically subject to the PMA pathway regardless of the level of risk they pose because they have not previously been classified into a lower risk class by the FDA. Manufacturers of these devices may request that FDA review such devices in accordance with the de novo classification procedure, which allows a manufacturer whose novel device would otherwise require the submission and approval of a PMA prior to marketing to request down-classification of the device on the basis that the device presents low or moderate risk. If the FDA agrees with the down-classification, the applicant will then receive authorization to market the device. This device type can then be used as a predicate device for future 510(k) submissions. The process of obtaining regulatory clearances or approvals, or completing the de novo classification process, to market a medical device can be costly and time consuming, and we may not be able to successfully obtain pre-market reviews on a timely basis, if at all. Any delay in, or failure to receive or maintain, clearance or approval for our product candidates could prevent us from generating revenue from these product candidates and adversely affect our business operations and financial results.

Even if granted, a 510(k) clearance, de novo classification, PMA approval, or similar authorization or certification from other regulators for any future product may substantial restrictions on how such device is marketed or sold, and the FDA and other regulatory authorities or bodies will continue to place considerable restrictions on our products and operations. For example, with respect to 510(k)-cleared medical devices, certain modifications to such devices that have not been previously cleared may require us to submit a new 510(k) premarket notification and obtain clearance, or to submit a PMA and obtain FDA approval prior to implementing the change. The FDA requires every manufacturer to make this determination in the first instance, but the FDA may review any manufacturer’s decision. The FDA may not agree with our decisions regarding whether new marketing authorizations are necessary. We have made

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modifications to 510(k)-cleared products in the past and have determined based on our review of the applicable FDA regulations and guidance that, in certain instances, new marketing authorizations were not required. We may make modifications or add additional features in the future that we believe do not require FDA premarket review. If the FDA disagrees with these determinations and requires us to submit new marketing applications for modifications to our products, we may be required to cease marketing or to recall the modified product until we obtain clearance or approval, and we may be subject to significant regulatory fines or penalties. If the FDA requires us to go through a lengthier, more rigorous examination for future products or modifications to existing products than we had expected, product introductions or modifications could be delayed or canceled, which could adversely affect our ability to grow our business.

Subject to transitional provisions, to sell medical devices in EU member states, our products must comply with the general safety and performance requirements of the EU Medical Devices Regulation (Regulation (EU) No 2017/745). Compliance with these requirements is a prerequisite to be able to affix the European Conformity (“CE”) mark to our products, without which they cannot be sold or marketed in the EU. To demonstrate compliance with the general safety and performance requirements, we must undergo a conformity assessment procedure, which varies according to the type of medical device and its (risk) classification. Except for low-risk medical devices (Class I), where the manufacturer can self-assess the conformity of its products with the general safety and performance requirements (except for any parts which relate to sterility, metrology or reuse aspects), a conformity assessment procedure requires the intervention of a notified body (see “— Regulation of Medical Devices in the European Union”).

The aforementioned EU rules are generally applicable in the European Economic Area (“EEA”) (which consists of the 27 EU member states plus Norway, Liechtenstein and Iceland). Non-compliance with the above requirements would also prevent us from selling our products in these three countries.

From January 1, 2021 onwards, the MHRA became the sovereign regulatory authority responsible for Great Britain (i.e. England, Wales and Scotland) medical device market according to the requirements provided in the Medical Devices Regulations 2002 (SI 2002 No 618, as amended) that sought to give effect to the three pre-existing EU directives governing active implantable medical devices, general medical devices and in vitro diagnostic medical devices whereas Northern Ireland continues to be governed by EU rules according to the Northern Ireland Protocol. Following the end of the Brexit transitional period on January 1, 2021, new regulations require medical devices to be registered with the MHRA (but manufacturers were given a grace period of four to 12 months to comply with the new registration process) before being placed on Great Britain market. The MHRA will only register devices where the manufacturer or their United Kingdom Responsible Person has a registered place of business in the United Kingdom. Manufacturers based outside the United Kingdom will need to appoint a U.K. Responsible Person that has a registered place of business in the United Kingdom to register devices with the MHRA. By July 1, 2023, in Great Britain, all medical devices will require a UKCA (“UK Conformity Assessed”) mark but CE marks issued by EU notified bodies will remain valid until this time. Manufacturers may choose to use the UKCA mark on a voluntary basis until June 30, 2023. However, UKCA marking will not be recognized in the EU. Compliance with this legislation is a prerequisite to be able to affix the UKCA mark to our products, without which they cannot be sold or marketed in Great Britain. The rules for placing medical devices on the market in Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom, differ from those in the rest of the United Kingdom. Under the terms of the Northern Ireland Protocol, Northern Ireland will follow EU rules on medical devices and devices marketed in Northern Ireland will require assessment according to the EU regulatory regime. Such assessment may be conducted by an EU notified body, in which case a CE mark will be required before placing the device on the market in the EU or Northern Ireland. Alternatively, if a UK notified body conducts such assessment, a ‘UKNI’ mark will be applied and the device may only be placed on the market in Northern Ireland and not the EU.

The FDA and similar foreign governmental authorities also have the authority to require the recall of commercialized products in the event of material deficiencies or defects in design or manufacture of a product or in the event that a product poses an unacceptable risk to health. Manufacturers may, under their own initiative, recall a product if any material deficiency in a device is found. A government-mandated or voluntary recall of our products could occur as a result of an unacceptable risk to health, component failures, manufacturing errors, design or labeling defects or other deficiencies and issues. Under the FDA’s medical device reporting regulations, we are required to report to the FDA any incident in which our product may have

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caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or in which our product malfunctioned and, if the malfunction were to recur, would likely cause or contribute to death or serious injury. Similar requirements exist in foreign jurisdictions. If we do not adequately address problems associated with our devices, we may face additional regulatory enforcement action. We may also be required to bear other costs or take other actions that may have a negative impact on our sales as well as face significant adverse publicity or regulatory consequences, which could harm our business, including our ability to market our products in the future.

In addition, the manufacture of medical devices in the United States must comply with the FDA’s Quality System Regulation, or QSR. Manufacturers must register their manufacturing facilities, list the products with the FDA, and comply with requirements relating to labeling, marketing, complaint handling, adverse event and medical device reporting, reporting of corrections and removals, and import and export. The FDA monitors compliance with the QSR and these other requirements through periodic inspections. Similar requirements exist in foreign jurisdictions. If our facilities or those of our manufacturers or suppliers are found to be in violation of applicable laws and regulations, or if we or our manufacturers or suppliers fail to take satisfactory corrective action in response to an adverse inspection, the FDA and other regulatory authorities could take enforcement action, including any of the following sanctions:

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adverse publicity, untitled letters, warning letters, fines, injunctions, consent decrees and civil penalties;

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customer notifications or repair, replacement, refunds, detention or seizure of our products;

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operating restrictions or partial suspension or total shutdown of production;

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refusing or delaying requests for 510(k) clearance or PMA approvals or foreign regulatory authorizations or certifications of new products or modified products;

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withdrawing 510(k) clearances, PMA approvals or foreign regulatory authorizations or certifications that have already been granted;

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refusing to issue certificates to foreign governments needed to export products for sale in other countries;

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refusing to grant export approval for our products; or

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pursuing criminal prosecution.

Any of these sanctions could impair our ability to produce our products and product candidates in a cost-effective and timely manner in order to meet our customers’ demands and could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations and financial condition. We may also be required to bear other costs or take other actions that may have a negative impact on our future sales and our ability to generate profits.

Failure to comply with applicable transfer pricing and similar regulations could harm our business and financial results.

In many countries, including the United States and the United Kingdom, we are subject to transfer pricing and other tax regulations designed to ensure that appropriate levels of income are reported as earned in each jurisdiction and are taxed accordingly. We are subject to the risk that governmental authorities could audit our transfer pricing and related practices and assert that additional taxes are owed. In the event that the audits or assessments are concluded adversely to us, we may or may not be able to offset or mitigate the consolidated effect.

The enactment of legislation implementing changes in tax legislation or policies in different geographic jurisdictions including the United Kingdom and the United States could materially impact our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We conduct business globally and file income tax returns in multiple jurisdictions. Our consolidated effective income tax rate could be materially adversely affected by several factors, including: changing tax laws, regulations and treaties, or the interpretation thereof; tax policy initiatives and reforms under consideration (such as those related to the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development’s

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(“OECD”) Base Erosion and Profit Shifting, or BEPS, project, the European Commission’s state aid investigations and other initiatives); the practices of tax authorities in jurisdictions in which we operate; the resolution of issues arising from tax audits or examinations and any related interest or penalties. Such changes may include (but are not limited to) the taxation of operating income, investment income, dividends received or (in the specific context of withholding tax) dividends, royalties and interest paid.

We are unable to predict what tax reforms may be proposed or enacted in the future or what effect such changes would have on our business, but such changes, to the extent they are brought into tax legislation, regulations, policies or practices in jurisdictions in which we operate, could increase the estimated tax liability that we have expensed to date and paid or accrued on our Consolidated Statement of Financial Position, and otherwise affect our future results of operations, cash flows in a particular period and overall or effective tax rates in the future in countries where we have operations, reduce post-tax returns to our shareholders and increase the complexity, burden and cost of tax compliance.

The applicability of value-added, sales, use, withholding and other tax laws or regulations on our business is uncertain. Adverse tax laws or regulations could be enacted or existing laws could be applied to us or our customers, which could subject us to additional tax liability and related interest and penalties, increase the costs of our solution and adversely impact our business.

The application of tax laws and regulations to services provided electronically is evolving. New income, sales, use, value-added or other tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations, or ordinances could be enacted at any time (possibly with retroactive effect), and could be applied solely or disproportionately to services provided over the internet or could otherwise materially affect our financial position and results of operations.

In addition, different tax jurisdictions have differing rules and regulations governing sales, use, value-added and other taxes, and these rules and regulations can be complex and are subject to varying interpretations that may change over time. Existing tax laws, statutes, rules, regulations, or ordinances could be interpreted, changed, modified, or applied adversely to us (possibly with retroactive effect). Although our customer contracts typically provide that our customers must pay all applicable sales and similar taxes, our customers may be reluctant to pay back taxes and associated interest or penalties, or we may determine that it would not be commercially feasible to seek reimbursement. In addition, we or our customers could be required to pay additional tax amounts on both future as well as prior sales, and possibly fines or penalties and interest for past due taxes. If we are required to collect and pay back taxes and associated interest and penalties, and if the amount we are required to collect and pay exceeds our estimates and reserves, or if we are unsuccessful in collecting such amounts from our customers, we could incur potentially substantial unplanned expenses, thereby adversely impacting our operating results and cash flows. Imposition of such taxes on our services going forward or collection of sales tax from our customers in respect of prior sales could also adversely affect our sales activity and have a negative impact on our operating results and cash flows.

Furthermore, a tax authority may disagree with tax positions that we have taken, which could result in increased tax liabilities. For example, Her Majesty’s Revenue & Customs, or HMRC, or another tax authority could challenge our allocation of income by tax jurisdiction and the amounts paid between our affiliated companies pursuant to our intercompany arrangements and transfer pricing policies, including methodologies for valuing developed technology and amounts paid with respect to our intellectual property development. Similarly, a tax authority could assert that we are subject to tax in a jurisdiction where we believe we have not established a taxable connection, often referred to as a “permanent establishment” under international tax treaties, and such an assertion, if successful, could increase our expected tax liability in one or more jurisdictions. In addition, a tax authority may take the position that material income tax liabilities, interest and penalties are payable by us, where there has been a technical violation of contradictory laws and regulations that are relatively new and have not been subject to extensive review or interpretation, in which case we expect that we might contest such assessment. High-profile companies can be particularly vulnerable to aggressive application of unclear requirements. Many companies must negotiate their tax bills with tax inspectors who may demand higher taxes than applicable law appears to provide. Contesting such an assessment may be lengthy and costly and if we were unsuccessful in disputing the assessment, the implications could increase our anticipated effective tax rate, where applicable.

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Risks Related to Intellectual Property and Legal Proceedings

If we are unable to obtain, maintain and enforce intellectual property protection for our technology or if the scope of our intellectual property protection is not sufficiently broad, others may be able to develop and commercialize technology substantially similar to ours, and our ability to successfully commercialize our technology may be adversely affected.

Our business depends on internally developed technology and content, including software, databases, confidential information and know-how, the protection of which is crucial to the success of our business. We rely on a combination of registered and unregistered rights, including patents and registered trademarks, as well as trade-secret and copyright laws and confidentiality procedures and contractual provisions to protect our intellectual property rights in our internally developed technology and content, as well as our brand. We may, over time, increase our investment in protecting our intellectual property through additional patent, trademark and other intellectual property filings. Effective patent, trade-secret, copyright and trademark protection is expensive and time-consuming to develop and maintain, both in terms of initial and ongoing registration requirements and the costs of defending our rights. These measures, however, may not be sufficient to offer us meaningful protection.

Much of our technology and software is maintained as trade secrets and not protected by patents. Our employees, consultants and other parties (including independent contractors and companies with which we conduct business) may unintentionally or willfully disclose our trade secret information or technology to competitors. Enforcing a claim that a third party illegally disclosed or obtained and is using any of our internally developed information, technology or content is difficult, expensive and time-consuming, and the outcome is unpredictable. In addition, courts outside the United States are sometimes less willing to protect trade secrets, know-how and other proprietary information. We rely, in part, on non-disclosure, confidentiality and assignment-of-invention agreements (or equivalent contractual provisions) with our employees, independent contractors, consultants and companies with which we conduct business to protect our trade secrets, know-how and other intellectual property and internally developed information. These agreements may not be self-executing (i.e., they may require further legislative or judicial action before they can take effect or become enforceable), or they may be breached and we may not have adequate remedies for such breach. Moreover, third parties may independently develop similar or equivalent proprietary information or otherwise gain access, whether authorized or unauthorized, to our trade secrets, know-how and other internally developed information.

If we are unable to protect our intellectual property and other IP and other proprietary rights, our competitive position and our business could be harmed, as third parties may be able to commercialize and use technologies and software products that are substantially the same as ours without incurring the development and/or licensing costs that we have incurred. Any of our owned or licensed intellectual property rights could be challenged, invalidated, circumvented, infringed or misappropriated. Any of our trade secrets and other confidential information could be disclosed in an unauthorized manner to third parties or otherwise misappropriated. In addition, our intellectual property rights may not be sufficient to provide us with freedom to operate or technology that will permit us to take advantage of current market trends or otherwise sufficient to provide us with competitive advantages, which could result in costly redesign efforts, discontinuance of certain offerings or other competitive harm.

Monitoring unauthorized use of our intellectual property is difficult and costly. From time to time, we may seek to analyze our competitors’ services, and may in the future seek to enforce our intellectual property against potential infringement. However, the steps we have taken to protect our intellectual property may not be adequate to prevent infringement or misappropriation of our intellectual property. We may not be able to detect unauthorized use of, or take appropriate steps to enforce, our intellectual property. Any inability to meaningfully protect or assert our intellectual property rights could result in harm to our ability to compete and reduce demand for our technology. Moreover, our failure to develop and properly manage new intellectual property could adversely affect our market positions and business opportunities.

Uncertainty may result from changes to intellectual property legislation and from interpretations of intellectual property laws by applicable courts and agencies in any of the jurisdictions in which we operate. Accordingly, we may be unable to obtain and maintain the intellectual property rights necessary to provide us

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with a competitive advantage. Our failure to obtain, maintain and enforce our intellectual property rights could therefore have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Third parties may initiate legal proceedings alleging that we are infringing or otherwise violating their intellectual property rights, the outcome of which would be uncertain and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Our commercial success depends on our ability to develop and commercialize our services and use our internally developed technology without infringing the intellectual property or proprietary rights of third parties. Intellectual property disputes can be costly to defend and may cause our business, operating results and financial condition to suffer. As the market for digital healthcare, both in the United States and globally, expands and more patents are issued, the risk increases that there may be patents issued to third parties that relate to our technology of which we are not aware or that we must challenge to continue our operations as currently contemplated. Whether merited or not, we may face allegations that we, our customers or other parties indemnified by us have infringed or otherwise violated the patents, trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property rights of third parties. Such claims may be made by competitors seeking to obtain a competitive advantage. Additionally, in recent years, individuals and groups have begun purchasing intellectual property assets for the purpose of making claims of infringement and attempting to extract settlements. We may also face allegations that our employees have misappropriated the intellectual property or proprietary rights of their former employers or other third parties. It may be necessary for us to initiate litigation to defend ourselves in order to determine the scope, enforceability and validity of third-party intellectual property or proprietary rights, or to establish our respective rights. We may not be able to successfully settle or otherwise resolve such adversarial proceedings or litigation.

If we are unable to successfully settle future claims on terms acceptable to us, we may be required to engage in or to continue claims, regardless of whether such claims have merit. This can be time-consuming, divert management’s attention and financial resources and can be costly to evaluate and defend. Results of any such litigation are difficult to predict and may require us to stop commercializing or using our technology, obtain licenses, modify our services and technology while we develop non-infringing substitutes or incur substantial damages, settlement costs or face a temporary or permanent injunction prohibiting us from marketing or providing the affected services (which may cause us to breach contractual obligations). If we require a third-party license, it may not be available, either on reasonable terms or at all, and we may have to pay substantial royalties, upfront fees or grant cross-licenses to intellectual property rights relating to our products, services or solutions. We may also have to redesign our products, services or solutions so they do not infringe third-party intellectual property rights, which may not be possible or may require substantial monetary expenditures and time, during which our technology may not be available for commercialization or use. Even if we have an agreement with a third party to indemnify us against such costs, the indemnifying party may be unable to uphold its contractual obligations. If we cannot or do not obtain a third-party license on reasonable terms or at all, or obtain similar technology from another source, our revenue and earnings could be adversely impacted.

From time to time, we may be subject to legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business with respect to intellectual property. We are not currently subject to any claims from third parties asserting infringement of their intellectual property rights. Some third parties may be able to sustain the costs of complex litigation more effectively than us because they have substantially greater resources. Even if resolved in our favor, litigation or other legal proceedings relating to intellectual property claims may cause us to incur significant expenses, and could distract our technical and management personnel from their normal responsibilities. In addition, there could be public announcements of the results of hearings, motions or other interim proceedings or developments, and if securities analysts or investors perceive these results to be negative, it could have a material adverse effect on the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. Moreover, any uncertainties resulting from the initiation and continuation of any legal proceedings could have a material adverse effect on our ability to raise the funds necessary to continue our operations. Assertions by third parties that we infringe or otherwise violate their intellectual property rights could therefore have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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We may become subject to medical liability claims, which could cause us to incur significant expenses and may require us to pay significant damages if not covered by insurance.

Our business entails the risk of medical liability claims against both our providers and us. We carry insurance (and in relation to clinical negligence claims in the United Kingdom arising from care delivered within Babylon GP at Hand NHS primary medical services, we are indemnified by a national state-backed indemnity scheme under NHS Resolution) covering medical malpractice claims in amounts that we believe are appropriate in light of the risks attendant to our business and/or as required under applicable law, and the physician-owned entities with which we partner carry insurance for themselves and each of their healthcare professionals (our providers). However, successful medical liability claims could result in substantial damage awards that exceed the limits of our and our providers’ insurance coverage. In addition, professional liability insurance is expensive and insurance premiums may increase significantly in the future, particularly as we expand our services. As a result, adequate professional liability insurance may not be available to our providers or to us in the future at acceptable costs or at all.

Any claims made against us that are not fully covered by insurance could be costly to defend against, result in substantial damage awards against us and divert the attention of our management and our providers from our operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, any claims may adversely affect our business or reputation.

We have been, and may in the future become, subject to litigation or regulatory investigations, which could cause us to incur significant expenses, pay significant damages or harm our business.

Our business entails the risk of legal claims against us, and we have been and may in the future become subject to litigation. Claims against us may be asserted by or on behalf of a variety of parties, including our customers, our members, users of our products, vendors, government agencies, our current or former employees, our shareholders, or entities in which we invest and/or their shareholders. Some of these claims may result in significant defense costs and potentially significant judgments against us, some of which are not, or cannot be, covered by adequate insurance. Although we carry public liability and product liability insurance, as well as medical malpractice insurance in amounts that we believe are appropriate considering the risks attendant to our business, successful claims could result in substantial damage awards that exceed the limits of our insurance coverage.

In addition, any determination that we are acting in the capacity of a healthcare provider, or exercising undue influence or control over a healthcare provider, or any adverse determination by a data protection authority or other applicable regulatory body in respect of our users’ data, may subject us to claims not covered by our insurance coverage, or could result in significant sanctions against us and our clinicians, additional compliance requirements, expense, and liability to us. In addition, insurance coverage is expensive and insurance premiums may increase significantly in the future, particularly as we expand our solutions. As a result, adequate coverage may not be available to us or to our providers in the future at acceptable costs or at all. We generally intend to defend ourselves vigorously; however, we cannot be certain of the ultimate outcomes of any claims that may arise in the future. Resolution of some of these types of matters against us may result in our having to pay significant fines, judgments, or settlements, which, if uninsured, or if the fines, judgments, and settlements exceed insured levels, could adversely impact our earnings and cash flows, thereby harming our business and the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. For example, fines or assessments could be levied against us under domestic or foreign data privacy laws (such as HIPAA, the GDPR, or the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 (“CCPA”)) or under authority of privacy enforcing governmental entities (such as the FTC or the HHS) or as a result of private actions, such as class actions based on data breaches or based on private rights of action (such as private actions permitted under the CCPA). Additionally, a successful product liability, warranty, or other similar claim against us could have an adverse effect on our business, operating results, and financial condition.

Certain litigation or the resolution of certain litigation may affect the availability or cost of some of our insurance coverage, which could adversely impact our results of operations and cash flows, expose us to increased risks that would be uninsured and adversely impact our ability to attract directors and officers. In addition, such litigation could result in increased scrutiny by government authorities having authority over our business, such as the FTC, the HHS, Office for Civil Rights, and state attorneys general.

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In England, Babylon and Babylon GP at Hand are both registered providers with the CQC. In the event of an enforcement action arising from a clinical incident by either provider, there is a risk of fines. These can be modest Fixed Penalty Fines (for example for noncompliance with notification deadlines, or an administrative step in relation to duty of candor); however, if the enforcement action relates to matters of safe care, fines can be more significant and relate to the provider’s turnover. This type of enforcement action is ring-fenced to the legal entity that is registered, but remains a risk for any healthcare provider registered with the CQC. Other regulators in the sector can also impose fines, for example the Health and Safety executive, for non-clinical care incidents, and the U.K. Information Commissioner’s Office for data protection breaches, security incidents or non-compliance with data protection legislation.

We are also subject to various regulations as to the use of certain medical technology. In certain jurisdictions, the rules governing the application of our technology may not readily align with the nature of our products and services, in which case we may incur costs and delays in communicating with authorities, obtaining clearances in those markets or penalties for failure to conform to certain registration requirements. For example, we have in the past and expect to continue to have interactions with the MHRA and regulatory authorities in certain other jurisdictions about the proper classification of certain products and services, which may result in requiring us to re-register different products and services or changing, reducing functionality of or access to certain of our products and services.

Our Higi Smart Health Station business exposes us to the risk of product liability claims that is inherent in the testing, manufacturing and marketing of medical devices, including those which may arise from the misuse (including system hacking or other unauthorized access by third parties to our systems) or malfunction of, or design flaws in, our Higi station products. Notably, the classification of the Higi station as a Class II medical device in the U.S. is likely to weaken our ability to rely on federal preemption of state law claims that assert liability against us for harms arising from use of the Higi station. We may be subject to product liability claims if our products cause, or merely appear to have caused, an injury. Claims may be made by end users, customers, healthcare providers or others selling our products. We may be subject to claims against us even if the apparent injury is due to the actions of others or misuse of our Higi station or a partner device. Our customers, either on their own or following the advice of their physicians, may use our Higi station products in a manner not described in the products’ labeling and that differs from the manner in which it was used in clinical studies and cleared by the FDA. Defending a suit, regardless of merit, could be costly, could divert management attention and might result in adverse publicity, which could result in the withdrawal of, or inability to recruit, clinical trial volunteers or result in reduced acceptance of our Higi station products in the market.

In addition, in the United States and other jurisdictions, medical device manufacturers have been the target of numerous government prosecutions and investigations alleging violations of law, including claims asserting impermissible off-label promotion of medical devices, payments intended to influence the referral of federal or state healthcare business, and submission of false claims for government reimbursement. We cannot rule out the possibility that the government or other third parties could interpret these laws differently and challenge our practices under one or more of these laws. This likelihood of allegations of non-compliance is increased by the fact that under certain federal and state laws applicable to our Higi station business, individuals, known as relators, may bring an action on behalf of the government alleging violations of such laws, and potentially be awarded a share of any damages or penalties ultimately awarded to the applicable government body. Any action against us alleging a violation of these laws or regulations, even if we successfully defend against it, could cause us to incur significant legal expenses and divert our management’s time and attention from the operation of our business, and have a material effect on our business.

Risks Related to Information Technology and Data

Cyberattacks, security breaches and incidents, and other disruptions have compromised and could in the future compromise sensitive information related to our business or members, or prevent us from accessing critical information or from serving customers and expose us to liability, which could adversely affect our business and our reputation.

In the ordinary course of our business, we collect, store, use and disclose sensitive data, including protected health information (“PHI”), and other types of personal data (as defined in the GDPR and the

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United Kingdom’s implementation of the GDPR (“UK GDPR”) or personally identifiable information (“PII”). We also process and store, and use additional third party service providers to process and store sensitive information including intellectual property and other proprietary business information, including that of our members and customers (collectively, together with PHI and PII, “Confidential Data”). We manage and maintain our platform and Confidential Data utilizing a combination of on-site systems, managed data center systems and cloud-based computing center systems.

We are highly dependent on information technology infrastructure, networks and systems, including the internet and various hardware and software systems such as cloud technologies (collectively, “IT Systems”), to securely process, transmit and store Confidential Data and to conduct many other critical internal and external operations. Cyberattacks and security breaches involving our IT Systems, including physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, attacks by hackers and similar breaches, employee or contractor error, negligence or malfeasance, and bugs, misconfigurations or other vulnerabilities can create system disruptions, shutdowns or unauthorized disclosure or modifications of Confidential Data, causing for example, member health information to be accessed or acquired without authorization or to become publicly available. We utilize third-party service providers for important aspects of the collection, storage, transmission and security of Confidential Data, and therefore rely on third parties to manage functions that have material cybersecurity risks. Because of the sensitivity of Confidential Data that we and our service providers collect, store, transmit, and otherwise process, the security of our IT Systems and other aspects of our services, including those provided or facilitated by our third-party service providers, is critically important to our operations and business strategy. We take certain administrative, physical and technological measures in response to these risks, such as by conducting privacy and security impact assessments, and seeking contractual security commitments from service providers who handle Confidential Data.

We have experienced cyber and other security incidents in the past and continue to experience them from time to time. Despite protective measures taken by us and by third-party service providers, our IT Systems and Confidential Data are and remain vulnerable to cyberattacks and cybersecurity risks posed by hackers or viruses, failures or breaches due to third-party action, employee negligence or error, malfeasance or other disruptions (for example, due to ransomware), bugs, misconfigurations, or other hardware or software vulnerabilities, including supply chain related vulnerabilities and failures during the process of upgrading or replacing software, databases or components thereof, and a host of other cybersecurity threats. We expect the frequency and impact of cyberattacks to accelerate as threat actors are becoming increasingly sophisticated, for example, in using tactics and techniques designed to circumvent security controls, avoid detection, and obfuscate forensic evidence, such that we may be unable to timely or effectively detect, identify, investigate or remediate attacks in the future.

A cyberattack, security breach or incident, or other privacy or data protection violation, that leads to disclosure or unauthorized use, modification of, or other processing, or that prevents access to or otherwise impacts the confidentiality, security, availability or integrity of Confidential Data that we or our subcontractors maintain or otherwise process, could harm our reputation, compel us to comply with breach notification laws, cause us to incur significant costs for remediation, fines, penalties, notification to individuals and for measures intended to repair or replace systems or technology and to prevent future occurrences, potential increases in insurance premiums, and require us to verify the accuracy of database contents or be subject to audits from regulators or customers, resulting in increased costs and loss of revenue. If we are unable to prevent such security breaches or privacy violations or implement satisfactory remedial measures, or if it is perceived that we have been unable to do so, our operations could be disrupted, we may be unable to provide access to our platform, and we could suffer a loss of customers or users or a decrease in the use of our platform, and we may suffer loss of reputation, harm to our market position, adverse impacts on customer, user and investor confidence, financial loss, governmental investigations, litigation or other actions, regulatory or contractual penalties, and other claims and liability. In addition, security breaches and incidents and other unauthorized access to, or acquisition or processing of, Confidential Data can be difficult to detect, and any delay in identifying such incident, mitigating and otherwise responding to any incidents, or in providing any notification of such incidents may lead to increased liability and impact to operations.

Any such breach or incident, or disruption to or interruption of our systems or any of our third-party information technology partners, could compromise our networks or data security processes, disrupt our

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operations, and sensitive information could be destroyed, corrupted, or inaccessible or could be accessed, obtained, or disclosed by unauthorized parties, publicly disclosed, lost or stolen. Any such interruption in access, improper access, disclosure or other loss of information could result in legal claims or proceedings, liability under laws and regulations that protect the privacy of member information or other personal information, such as HIPAA, the GDPR, the UK GDPR and the Data Protection Act 2018 (“DPA 2018”), and regulatory fines or penalties. Unauthorized access, loss or dissemination could also disrupt our operations, including our ability to perform our services, provide member assistance services, conduct research and development activities, collect, process, and prepare company financial information, provide information about our current and future solutions and engage in other user and clinician education and outreach efforts. Any such breach or incident could also result in the loss or compromise of our trade secrets and other proprietary information, which could adversely affect our business and competitive position. While we maintain insurance covering certain security and privacy damages and claim expenses, we may not carry insurance or maintain coverage sufficient to compensate for all loss and liability and in any event, insurance coverage would not address the reputational damage that could result from a security incident.

Our audit committee, which reports to our full board of directors, has historically been responsible for overseeing our cybersecurity risk management processes.

Our use, disclosure, and other processing of information relating to individuals, including health information, is subject to HIPAA, the GDPR, the DPA 2018, the UK GDPR, and other privacy, data protection, and data security laws and regulations, and our failure to comply with those laws and regulations or to adequately secure the information we hold and that is processed in our business could result in significant liability or reputational harm and, in turn, a material adverse effect on our client base, member base and revenue.

Numerous state and federal laws and regulations govern the collection, dissemination, use, privacy, confidentiality, security, availability, integrity, and other processing of PHI and PII. These laws and regulations include HIPAA. HIPAA establishes a set of national privacy and security standards for the protection of PHI by health plans, healthcare clearinghouses and certain healthcare providers, referred to as covered entities, and the business associates with whom such covered entities contract for services, as well as their covered subcontractors. Our U.S. entities that directly provide healthcare services are covered entities under HIPAA. Our U.S. entities are both covered entities under HIPAA and business associates under HIPAA. We execute business associate agreements with our customers that process PHI.

HIPAA requires covered entities and business associates to develop and maintain policies and procedures with respect to the use, disclosure and protection of PHI, including the adoption of administrative, physical and technical safeguards to protect such information. HIPAA also implemented the use of standard transaction code sets and standard identifiers that covered entities must use when submitting or receiving certain electronic healthcare transactions, including activities associated with the billing and collection of healthcare claims.

HIPAA imposes mandatory penalties for certain violations. Entities that are found to be in violation of HIPAA as the result of a breach of unsecured PHI, a complaint about privacy practices or an audit by HHS may be subject to significant civil, criminal and administrative fines and penalties and/or additional reporting and oversight obligations if required to enter into a resolution agreement and corrective action plan with HHS to settle allegations of HIPAA non-compliance. However, a single breach incident can result in violations of multiple standards. HIPAA also authorizes state attorneys general to file lawsuits on behalf of their residents. Courts may award damages, costs and attorneys’ fees related to violations of HIPAA in such cases. While HIPAA does not create a private right of action allowing individuals to sue us in civil court for violations of HIPAA, its standards have been used as the basis for duty of care in state civil suits such as those for negligence or recklessness in the misuse or breach of PHI.

In addition, HIPAA mandates that the Secretary of HHS conduct periodic compliance audits of HIPAA covered entities and business associates for compliance with HIPAA. It also tasks HHS with establishing a methodology whereby harmed individuals who were the victims of breaches of unsecured PHI may receive a percentage of the civil monetary penalty fine paid by the violator.

HIPAA further requires that patients be notified of any unauthorized acquisition, access, use or disclosure of their PHI that compromises the privacy or security of such information, with certain exceptions

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related to unintentional or inadvertent use or disclosure by employees or authorized individuals. HIPAA specifies that such notifications must be made “without unreasonable delay and in no case later than 60 calendar days after discovery of the breach.” If a breach affects 500 patients or more, it must be reported to HHS without unreasonable delay, and HHS will post the name of the breaching entity on its public website. Breaches affecting 500 patients or more in the same state or jurisdiction must also be reported to the local media. If a breach involves fewer than 500 people, the covered entity must record it in a log and notify HHS at least annually.

In addition to HIPAA, numerous other federal, state, and foreign laws and regulations protect the confidentiality, privacy, availability, integrity and security of PHI and other types of PII. These laws and regulations in many cases are more restrictive than, and may not be preempted by HIPAA. These laws and regulations can be uncertain, contradictory, and subject to change or differing interpretations, and we expect new laws, rules and regulations regarding privacy, data protection, and information security to be proposed and enacted in the future.

For example, the recently enacted CCPA provides new privacy rights for California residents. The enforcement of the CCPA by the California Attorney General commenced July 1, 2020. We were required to modify our data processing practices and policies and to incur costs and expenses in connection with our compliance with the CCPA. The CCPA also provides for civil penalties and a private right of action for violations, which may increase our compliance costs and potential liability. Additionally, the California Privacy Rights Act (“CPRA”) recently passed in California. The CPRA significantly amends the CCPA and will generally go into effect on January 1, 2023, but creates certain obligations relating to consumer data collected as of January 1, 2022. We continue to monitor developments related to the CPRA, and anticipate needing to incur additional costs and expenses associated with compliance with CPRA compliance. Similar laws have passed in Virginia and Colorado, and have been proposed in other states and at the federal level, reflecting a trend toward more stringent privacy legislation in the United States. Many obligations under legislative proposals remain uncertain, and we cannot fully predict their impact on our business. If we fail to comply with any of these laws or standards, we may be subject to investigations, enforcement actions, civil litigation, fines and other penalties, all of which may generate negative publicity and have a negative impact on our business.

Further, the FTC and many state Attorneys General continue to enforce federal and state consumer protection laws against companies for online collection, use, dissemination and security practices that appear to be unfair or deceptive. For example, according to the FTC, failing to take appropriate steps to keep consumers’ personal information secure can constitute unfair acts or practices in or affecting commerce in violation of Section 5(a) of the Federal Trade Commission Act. The FTC expects a company’s data security measures to be reasonable and appropriate in light of the sensitivity and volume of consumer information it holds, the size and complexity of its business, and the cost of available tools to improve security and reduce vulnerabilities.

Outside of the United States, we, along with a significant number of our customers, are subject to laws, rules, regulations, guidance and industry standards related to data privacy and cyber security, and restrictions or technological requirements regarding the collection, use, storage, protection, retention or transfer of data. For example, the GDPR and, now that the U.K. has exited the EU, the DPA 2018 and the UK GDPR, contain numerous requirements and changes from previous EU law, including more robust obligations on data processors and data controllers and heavier documentation requirements for data protection compliance programs. Specifically, the numerous privacy-related changes for companies operating in the EU and the U.K. were introduced, including greater control over personal data by data subjects (e.g., the “right to be forgotten”), increased data portability for EU and UK consumers, data breach notification requirements (which differ to those listed under HIPAA above and increased fines. In particular, under the GDPR, the Data Protection Act 2018 and the UK GDPR, fines of up to €20 million (£17.5 million in the U.K.) or up to 4% of the annual global revenue of the noncompliant company, whichever is greater, could be imposed for certain violations. The EU and UK fining regimes run in parallel and we may be exposed to fines in both jurisdictions arising from the same infringement.

The GDPR and the UK GDPR requirements apply not only to third-party transactions and European consumers, but also to transfers of information between us and our subsidiaries, including employee information. The European Commission has adopted an adequacy decision in favor of the UK, enabling

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data transfers from EU member states to the UK without additional safeguards. However, the UK adequacy decision will automatically expire in June 2025 unless the European Commission re-assesses and renews/ extends that decision, and remains under review by the Commission during this period. In September 2021, the UK government launched a consultation on its proposals for wide-ranging reform of UK data protection laws following Brexit. There is a risk that any material changes which are made to the UK data protection regime could result in the Commission reviewing the UK adequacy decision, and the UK losing its adequacy decision if the Commission deems the UK to no longer provide adequate protection for personal data. These changes will lead to additional costs and increase our overall risk exposure. Depending on the contractual relationship with our relevant counterparty, we are required to comply with the GDPR, the UK GDPR and the DPA 2018 as a “Data Controller” and a “Data Processor” as appropriate. In 2018, we appointed a Data Protection Officer to oversee and supervise our compliance with GDPR and the DPA 2018 data protection regulations. As a result of case law and regulatory changes in relation to transfers of personal data outside of the United Kingdom and Europe (particularly those transfers to the United States), we have made considerable changes to our contractual data transfer template agreements and data transfer risk assessments.

Recent legal developments in Europe have created complexity and uncertainty regarding transfers of personal data from the EEA and the United Kingdom to the United States. Most recently, on July 16, 2020, the Court of Justice of the European Union (“CJEU”) invalidated the EU-US Privacy Shield Framework (“Privacy Shield”) under which personal data could be transferred from the EEA to US entities who had self-certified under the Privacy Shield scheme. While the CJEU upheld the adequacy of the standard contractual clauses (a standard form of contract approved by the European Commission as an adequate personal data transfer mechanism, and potential alternative to the Privacy Shield), it made clear that reliance on them alone may not necessarily be sufficient in all circumstances. Use of the standard contractual clauses must now be assessed on a case-by-case basis taking into account the legal regime applicable in the destination country, in particular applicable surveillance laws and rights of individuals and additional measures and/or contractual provisions may need to be put in place. The European Commission has published revised standard contractual clauses for data transfers from the EEA: the revised clauses have been mandatory for relevant transfers since September 27, 2021; existing standard contractual clauses arrangements must be migrated to the revised clauses by December 27, 2022. We will be required to implement the revised standard contractual clauses, in relation to relevant existing contracts and certain additional contracts and arrangements, within the relevant time frames. The United Kingdom’s Information Commissioner’s Office has published new data transfer standard contracts for transfers from the UK under the UK GDPR. This new documentation will be mandatory for relevant data transfers from September 21, 2022; existing standard contractual clauses arrangements must be migrated to the new documentation by March 21, 2024. We will be required to implement the latest UK data transfer documentation for data transfers subject to the UK GDPR, in relation to relevant existing contracts and certain additional contracts and arrangements, within the relevant time frames.

These recent developments may require us to review and amend the legal mechanisms by which we make and/ or receive personal data transfers to/ in the U.S. The developments also create uncertainty and increase the risk around our international operations. European court and regulatory decisions subsequent to the CJEU decision of July 16, 2020 have taken a restrictive approach to international data transfers. For example, the Austrian and the French data protection supervisory authorities, as well as the European Data Protection Supervisor, have recently ruled that use of Google Analytics by European website operators involves the unlawful transfer of personal data to the United States; a number of other EU supervisory authorities are expected to take a similar approach which may impact other business tools that we use. As the enforcement landscape further develops, and supervisory authorities issue further guidance on personal data export mechanisms, including circumstances where the standard contractual clauses cannot be used, we could suffer additional costs, complaints and/or regulatory investigations or fines, have to stop using certain tools and vendors and make other operational changes, and/or if we are otherwise unable to transfer personal data between and among countries and regions in which we operate, it could affect the manner in which we provide our services, the geographical location or segregation of our relevant systems and operations, and could adversely affect our financial results.

Globally, governments and agencies have adopted and could in the future adopt, modify, apply or enforce laws, policies, regulations, and standards covering user privacy, data security, technologies such as

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cookies that are used to collect, store and/or process data, online, the use of data to inform marketing, the taxation of products and services, unfair and deceptive practices, and the collection (including the collection of information), use, processing, transfer, storage and/or disclosure of data associated with unique individual internet users. For example, in addition to the GDPR, the European Commission has another draft regulation in the approval process that focuses on a person’s right to conduct a private life. The proposed legislation, known as the Regulation of Privacy and Electronic Communications (the “ePrivacy Regulation”) would replace the current ePrivacy Directive. Originally planned to be adopted and implemented at the same time as the GDPR, the ePrivacy Regulation is still being negotiated. Most recently, on February 10, 2021, the Council of the EU agreed on its version of the draft ePrivacy Regulation. If adopted, the earliest date for entry into force is in 2023, with broad potential impacts on the use of internet-based services and tracking technologies, such as cookies. Aspects of the ePrivacy Regulation remain for negotiation between the European Commission, the European Parliament and the Council. We expect to incur additional costs to comply with the requirements of the ePrivacy Regulation as it is finalized for implementation. In the U.K., a well-known privacy campaigning organization is driving a cookie compliance campaign. They also submitted complaints against hundreds of companies and their website ePrivacy (namely cookie) practices, challenging whether or not they give users the option to consent to the placement of certain cookies. This campaign could lead to higher risk of individual claims, regulatory authority scrutiny, and ultimately enforcement action. More generally, new laws, regulations, or legislative actions regarding data privacy and security (together with applicable industry standards) may increase the costs of doing business and could have a material adverse impact on our operations and cash flows.

While we have taken steps to mitigate the impact of the GDPR, the DPA 2018, and the UK GDPR on us and despite our ongoing efforts to bring practices into compliance, we may not be successful either due to various factors within our control, such as limited financial or human resources, or other factors outside our control. It is also possible that local data protection authorities may have different interpretations of the GDPR or other data protection laws, leading to potential inconsistencies amongst various EU member states or between the UK and one or more countries in the EEA. Any failure or perceived failure (including as a result of deficiencies in our policies, procedures, or measures relating to privacy, data protection, data security, marketing, or customer communications) by us to comply with laws, regulations, policies, legal or contractual obligations, industry standards, or regulatory guidance relating to privacy, data protection, or data security, have in the past and may in the future result in regulatory investigations and other proceedings, and enforcement actions, litigation, fines and penalties or adverse publicity, as well as claims, complaints, and litigation and other proceedings from private actors, and resulting damages and other liabilities, and could cause our customers lose trust in us, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business.

This complex, dynamic legal landscape regarding privacy, data protection, and information security creates significant compliance issues for us and our customers and potentially exposes us to additional expense, adverse publicity and liability. While we have implemented measures in an effort to comply with applicable laws and regulations relating to privacy, data protection, and data security, some PHI and other PII or confidential information is transmitted to us or processed by third parties and service providers, who may not implement adequate security and privacy measures, and it is possible that laws, rules and regulations relating to privacy, data protection, or information security may be interpreted and applied in a manner that is inconsistent with our practices or those of third parties. If we or these third parties are accused of having violated such laws, rules or regulations, it could result in claims, proceedings, regulatory investigations and other proceedings, damages, liabilities, and government-imposed fines, penalties (including audits and enforcement actions to stop data processing activities), orders requiring that we or these third parties change our or their practices, or criminal charges, which could adversely affect our business. Complying with these various laws and regulations could cause us to incur substantial costs or require us to change our business practices, systems and compliance procedures in a manner adverse to our business.

We expect that there will continue to be new proposed laws, regulations and industry standards relating to privacy, data protection, marketing, consumer communications and data security in the United States, the EU and other jurisdictions, and we cannot determine the impact such future laws, regulations and standards may have on our business. Future laws, regulations, standards and other obligations or any changed interpretation of existing laws or regulations could impair our ability to develop and market new services and maintain and grow our customer base and increase revenue.

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Any disruption of service at our third-party data and call centers or Amazon Web Services could interrupt or delay our ability to deliver our services to our customers.

We currently host our platform and serve our customers primarily using Amazon Web Services (“AWS”), a provider of cloud infrastructure services. We do not have control over the operations of the facilities of our data and call center providers or AWS. Also, there are limited auditing rights for us to exercise against such data processors under Article 28 of the GDPR. As such, there is a greater risk of not being able to confirm compliance and meet other contractual obligations, such as obligations to customers that we have sufficient controls in place with third party suppliers. These facilities are vulnerable to damage or interruption from earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, fires, cyber security attacks, terrorist attacks, power losses, telecommunications failures and similar events. The occurrence of a natural disaster or an act of terrorism, a decision to close the facilities without adequate notice, or other unanticipated problems could result in lengthy interruptions in our solution. The facilities also could be subject to break-ins, computer viruses, sabotage, intentional acts of vandalism and other misconduct. Our solutions’ continuing and uninterrupted performance is critical to our success. Because our solutions and services are used by our members for health purposes, it is critical that our solutions be accessible without interruption or degradation of performance. Members may become dissatisfied by any system failure that interrupts our ability to provide our solutions to them. Outages could lead to the triggering of our service level agreements and the issuance of credits to our customers, in which case, we may not be fully indemnified for such losses pursuant to our agreement with AWS. We may not be able to easily switch our AWS operations to another cloud provider if there are disruptions or interference with our use of AWS. Sustained or repeated system failures would reduce the attractiveness of our solution to customers and members and result in contract terminations, thereby reducing revenue. Moreover, negative publicity arising from these types of disruptions could damage our reputation and may adversely impact use of our solution. We may not carry sufficient business interruption insurance to compensate us for losses that may occur as a result of any events that cause interruptions in our service.

Neither our third-party data and call center providers nor AWS have an obligation to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to renew our agreements with these providers on commercially reasonable terms, if our agreements with our providers are prematurely terminated, or if in the future we add additional data or call center providers, we may experience costs or downtime in connection with the transfer to, or the addition of, new providers. If these providers were to increase the cost of their services, we may have to increase the price of our solutions, and our operating results may be adversely impacted.

We rely on internet infrastructure, bandwidth providers, third-party computer hardware and software and other third parties for providing services to our customers and members, and any failure or interruption in the services provided by these third parties could expose us to litigation and negatively impact our relationships with customers and members, adversely affecting our operating results.

Our ability to deliver our digital services depends on the development and maintenance of the infrastructure of the internet by third parties. This includes maintenance of a reliable network backbone with the necessary speed, data capacity, bandwidth capacity and security. Our services are designed to operate without interruption. However, we may experience future interruptions and delays in services and availability from time to time. In the event of a catastrophic event with respect to one or more of our systems, we may experience an extended period of system unavailability, which could negatively impact our relationship with customers and members. Outages could lead to the triggering of our service level agreements and the issuance of credits to our customers, in which case, we may not be fully indemnified for such losses pursuant to our agreement with our service providers. In addition, sustained or repeated system failures would reduce the attractiveness of our solution to customers and members and result in contract terminations, thereby reducing revenue. Moreover, negative publicity arising from these types of disruptions could damage our reputation and may adversely impact use of our solution. To operate without interruption, both we and our service providers must guard against:

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damage from fire, power loss, natural disasters and other force majeure events outside our control;

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communications failures;

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software and hardware errors, failures, and crashes;

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security breaches and incidents, computer viruses, hacking, denial-of-service and ransomware attacks, and similar disruptive problems; and

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other potential interruptions.

We also rely on software licensed from third parties in order to offer our services. These licenses are generally commercially available on varying terms. However, it is possible that this software may not continue to be available on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. Any loss of the right to use any of this software could result in delays in the provisioning of our services until equivalent technology is either developed by us, or, if available, is identified, obtained and integrated. Furthermore, our use of additional or alternative third-party software would require us to enter into license agreements with third parties, and integration of our software with new third-party software may require significant work and require substantial investment of our time and resources.

Also, any interruption in the services provided by our third-party service providers, undetected errors or defects in third-party software could prevent the deployment or impair the functionality of our software, delay new updates or enhancements to our solution, result in a failure of our solution, and injure our reputation. For example, we rely on third-party billing provider software to transmit the actual claims to payers based on the specific payer billing format. If this provider experiences an interruption in service or makes changes to its invoicing system, we may experience delays in claims processing. If we are required to switch to a different software provider to handle claim submissions, we may experience delays in our ability to process these claims and receipt of payments from payers, or possibly denial of claims for lack of timely submission, which would have an adverse effect on our revenue and our business.

There can be no assurance that any security measures that we or our third-party service providers, including third party providers of data services or cloud infrastructure services, have implemented will be effective against current or future security threats, and we cannot guarantee that our systems and networks or those of our third-party service providers have not been breached or that they do not contain exploitable defects or bugs that could result in a breach of or disruption to our systems and networks or the systems and networks of third parties that support us and our services. While we maintain measures designed to protect the integrity, confidentiality and security of our data and other data we maintain or otherwise process, our security measures or those of our third-party service providers could fail and result in unauthorized access to or disclosure, modification, misuse, loss or destruction of such data.

Neither our service providers nor our licensors have an obligation to renew their agreements with us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all. If we are unable to renew our agreements with such parties on commercially reasonable terms or if our agreements with our providers are prematurely terminated, or if in the future we add additional service providers, we may experience costs or downtime in connection with the transfer to, or the addition of, new providers. If these providers were to increase the cost of their services, we may have to increase the price of our solutions, and our operating results may be adversely impacted.

Risks Related to Ownership of our Class A Ordinary Shares and Operating as a Public Company

The trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares has been and may continue to be volatile, and the value of our Class A Ordinary Shares may decline.

We cannot predict the prices at which our Class A Ordinary Shares will trade. The market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares may fluctuate substantially. In addition, the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares has been and may continue to be volatile and subject to fluctuations in response to various factors, some of which are beyond our control. These fluctuations could cause you to lose all or part of your investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares.

In addition, if the market for technology or healthcare stocks or the stock market in general experiences a loss of investor confidence, the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares could decline for reasons unrelated to our business, financial condition or results of operations. The trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares might also decline in reaction to events that affect other companies in our industry even if these events do not directly affect us. In the past, following periods of volatility in the trading price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been brought against that company. If our

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share price is volatile, we may become the target of securities litigation. Securities litigation could result in substantial costs and divert our management’s attention and resources from our business. This could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

An active trading market for our securities may not develop or be sustained, which would adversely affect the liquidity and price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

An active trading market for our securities may not develop or, if developed, it may not be sustained. The lack of an active market may impair your ability to sell our securities at the time you wish to sell them or at a price that you consider reasonable. An inactive market may also impair our ability to raise capital by selling Class A Ordinary Shares and may impair our ability to acquire other businesses or technologies using our Class A Ordinary Shares as consideration, which, in turn, could materially adversely affect our business.

Additionally, if our securities are delisted from the NYSE and are quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board (an inter-dealer automated quotation system for equity securities that is not a national securities exchange), the liquidity and price of our securities may be more limited than if we were quoted or listed on the NYSE, the Nasdaq Stock Market LLC, or another national securities exchange.

The dual class structure of our ordinary shares has the effect of concentrating voting power with our Founder, which limits your ability to influence the outcome of important transactions, including a change in control.

Our Class B ordinary shares, $0.0000422573245084686 par value per share (the “Class B Ordinary Shares”) have fifteen (15) votes per share, and our Class A Ordinary Shares have one (1) vote per share. Our Founder holds all of the issued and outstanding Class B Ordinary Shares, including the Stockholder Earnout Shares (described in our Note 5 to our Consolidated Financial Statements included in this prospectus). Accordingly, Dr. Parsadoust held 83.1% of the voting power (taking account of the Stockholder Earnout Shares) of our ordinary shares as of December 31, 2021. Therefore, our Founder is able to significantly influence and pass, without other shareholder support, matters submitted to our shareholders for approval, including the election and removal of directors, amendments of our organizational documents, issuance of new shares, and any merger, consolidation, sale of all or substantially all of our assets or other major corporate transactions. Our Founder may in certain circumstances have sufficient voting control over us to amend our governance documents and the powers, preferences or other rights attached to Class A Ordinary Shares. Further, even if the Founder terminates his employment or is terminated for cause, he will retain voting control of us following his separation and continue to have the rights described in this paragraph based on his ownership of our ordinary shares. Our Founder may have interests that differ from yours and may vote or take corporate action in a way with which you disagree and which may be adverse to your interests. This concentrated control may have the effect of delaying, preventing or deterring a change in control of our company, could deprive our shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their Class A Ordinary Shares as part of a sale of our company and might ultimately affect the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Future transfers by our Founder of Class B Ordinary Shares will generally result in those shares converting into Class A Ordinary Shares, subject to limited exceptions, such as certain transfers effected for estate planning or charitable purposes. For more information about our dual class structure, see “Description of Share Capital and Articles of Association.”

We cannot predict the impact our dual class structure may have on the trading market for our Class A Ordinary Shares.

We cannot predict whether our dual class structure will result in a lower or more volatile market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares or in adverse publicity or other adverse consequences. For example, certain index providers have announced restrictions on including companies with dual or multi-class share structures in certain of their indexes. In July 2017, FTSE Russell and S&P Dow Jones announced that they would cease to allow most newly public companies utilizing dual or multi-class capital structures to be included in their indices. Affected indices include the Russell 2000 and the S&P 500, S&P MidCap 400 and S&P SmallCap 600, which together make up the S&P Composite 1500. Beginning in 2017, MSCI, a leading stock index provider, opened public consultations on their treatment of no-vote and multi-class structures and

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temporarily barred new multi-class listings from certain of its indices; however, in October 2018, MSCI announced its decision to include equity securities “with unequal voting structures” in its indices and to launch a new index that specifically includes voting rights in its eligibility criteria.

Under the announced policies, our dual class capital structure would make us ineligible for inclusion in certain indices, and as a result, mutual funds, exchange-traded funds and other investment vehicles that attempt to passively track those indices will not be investing in our Class A Ordinary Shares. These policies are still fairly new and it is as of yet unclear what effect, if any, they will have on the valuations of publicly traded companies excluded from the indices, but it is possible that they may depress these valuations compared to those of other similar companies that are included. Because of our dual class structure, we will likely be excluded from certain of these indexes and we cannot assure you that other stock indexes will not take similar actions. Given the sustained flow of investment funds into passive strategies that seek to track certain indexes, exclusion from stock indexes would likely preclude investment by many of these funds and could make our Class A Ordinary Shares less attractive to other investors. As a result, the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares could be adversely affected.

As a result of the Business Combination, the Internal Revenue Service may not agree that we should be treated as a non-U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

For U.S. federal income tax purposes, a corporation is generally considered a U.S. “domestic” corporation (or U.S. tax resident) if it is organized in the United States, and a corporation is generally considered a “foreign” corporation (or non-U.S. tax resident) if it is not a U.S. corporation. Because Babylon is an entity incorporated in the Bailiwick of Jersey, it would generally be classified as a foreign corporation (or non-U.S. tax resident) under these rules. Section 7874 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”) and the Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, however, contain specific rules that may cause a non-U.S. corporation to be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If it were determined that Babylon is treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Section 7874 of the Code and the Treasury regulations promulgated thereunder, Babylon would be liable for U.S. federal income tax on its income in the same manner as any other U.S. corporation and certain distributions made by Babylon to non-U.S. holders of Babylon may be subject to U.S. withholding tax.

Based on the terms of our merger (the “Business Combination”) with Alkuri Global Acquisition Corp., a special purpose acquisition company (“Alkuri”), and certain factual assumptions, Babylon is not expected to be treated, as a result of the Business Combination, as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Section 7874 of the Code. However, the application of Section 7874 of the Code is complex and is subject to detailed regulations (the application of which is uncertain in various respects and would be impacted by changes in such U.S. Treasury regulations with possible retroactive effect) and is subject to certain factual uncertainties. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not challenge our status as a foreign corporation under Section 7874 of the Code or that such challenge would not be sustained by a court or that Babylon will not determine that changes in facts result in a conclusion that Babylon will be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes under Section 7874 of the Code.

If the IRS were to successfully challenge under Section 7874 of the Code Babylon’s status as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, Babylon and certain Babylon shareholders would be subject to significant adverse tax consequences, including a higher effective corporate income tax rate on Babylon and future withholding taxes on certain Babylon shareholders, depending on the application of any income tax treaty that might apply to reduce such withholding taxes.

Investors in Babylon should consult their own advisors regarding the tax consequences if the classification of Babylon as a non-U.S. corporation is not respected.

We are an “emerging growth company,” and our election to comply with the reduced disclosure requirements as a public company may make our Class A Ordinary Shares less attractive to investors.

We are an “emerging growth company” as that term is used in the JOBS Act, and we may remain an emerging growth company until the earlier of (i) the last day of the fiscal year (A) following the fifth anniversary of the first sale of the units of Alkuri pursuant to an effective registration statement on Form S-1

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under the Securities Act, (B) in which we have total annual gross revenue of at least $1.07 billion, or (C) in which we are deemed to be a large accelerated filer, which means the market value of our outstanding ordinary shares that are held by non-affiliates exceeds $700 million as of the prior June 30, and (ii) the date on which we have issued more than $1.0 billion in non-convertible debt during the prior three year period.

For so long as we remain an emerging growth company, we are permitted and intend to rely on exemptions from certain disclosure requirements that are applicable to other public companies that are not emerging growth companies, including not being required to comply with the independent auditor attestation requirements of Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, reduced disclosure obligations regarding executive compensation in our periodic reports and proxy statements and exemptions from the requirements of holding a non-binding advisory vote on executive compensation and shareholder approval of any golden parachute payments not previously approved. We may choose to take advantage of some, but not all, of these reduced reporting burdens. Accordingly, the information we provide to our shareholders may be different than the information you receive from other public companies in which you hold stock.

We are a “foreign private issuer” and, as a result, we are permitted to rely on exemptions from certain Exchange Act reporting requirements applicable to U.S. domestic issuers. This may afford less protection to holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

As a foreign private issuer whose Class A Ordinary Shares are listed on the NYSE, we are permitted to rely on exemptions from certain reporting and other disclosure requirements under the Exchange Act, in lieu of complying with requirements under U.S. securities laws that apply to U.S. domestic public companies, including:

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the rules under the Exchange Act requiring the filing with the SEC of quarterly reports on Form 10-Q or current reports on Form 8-K;

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the sections of the Exchange Act regulating the solicitation of proxies, consents, or authorizations in respect of a security registered under the Exchange Act; and

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the sections of the Exchange Act requiring insiders to file public reports of their stock ownership and trading activities and liability for insiders who profit from trades made in a short period of time.

We are required to file an annual report on Form 20-F within four months of the end of each fiscal year. In addition, we intend to publish our results on a quarterly basis as press releases, distributed pursuant to the NYSE rules. Press releases relating to financial results and material events will also be furnished to the SEC on Form 6-K. However, the information we are required to file with or furnish to the SEC is less extensive and less timely compared to that required to be filed with the SEC by U.S. domestic issuers. As a result, you may not be afforded the same protections or information that would be made available to you were you investing in a U.S. domestic issuer.

In addition, as a foreign private issuer we are exempt from the provisions of Regulation Fair Disclosure (“Regulation FD”), which prohibits issuers from making selective disclosure of material nonpublic information. Even though we intend to comply voluntarily with Regulation FD, these exemptions and leniencies reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections to which our shareholders are entitled as investors.

Furthermore, our Class A Ordinary Shares are not listed and we do not currently intend to list our Class A Ordinary Shares in any market in the Bailiwick of Jersey, our country of incorporation. As a result, we are not subject to the reporting and other requirements of companies listed in the Bailiwick of Jersey.

We are permitted to rely on foreign private issuer exemptions from certain stock exchange corporate governance standards. As a result, our shareholders may be afforded less protection than shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the NYSE corporate governance requirements.

As a foreign private issuer, we have the option to follow certain home country corporate governance practices rather than those of the NYSE, provided that we disclose the requirements we are not following and describe the home country practices we are following. Currently, we intend to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of those otherwise required under the NYSE rules for U.S. issuers.

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Any foreign private issuer exemptions we avail ourselves of in the future may reduce the scope of information and protection to which you are otherwise entitled as an investor. As result, our shareholders may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the NYSE corporate governance requirements.

We expect to lose our foreign private issuer status for the year ended December 31, 2022, which could result in significant additional costs and expenses to us.

In order to maintain our current status as a foreign private issuer, either (a) more than 50% of our outstanding voting securities must be either directly or indirectly owned of record by non-residents of the United States or (b)(i) a majority of our executive officers or directors may not be U.S. citizens or residents, (ii) more than 50% of our assets cannot be located in the United States and (iii) our business must be administered principally outside the United States.

We expect to lose our foreign private issuer status for the year ended December 31, 2022, as a result of our Founder, who held 83.1% of the voting power (taking account of the Stockholder Earnout Shares) of our ordinary shares as of December 31, 2021, having established residency in the United States, and increased contacts with the United States. If we lose our foreign private issuer status, we will be required to file with the SEC periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We will also be required to comply with U.S. federal proxy requirements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders will become subject to the short-swing profit disclosure and recovery provisions of Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we may be required to make changes in our corporate governance practices in accordance with various SEC and NYSE rules. The additional requirements that we will become subject to if we lose our foreign private issuer status could lead us to incur significant additional legal, accounting and other expenses.

Although we do not expect to rely on the “controlled company” exemption, as a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE rules, we qualify for exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements.

Because our Founder owns at least a majority of our voting rights in the aggregate, we are considered a “controlled company” within the meaning of the NYSE rules. Under these rules, a NYSE-listed company of which more than 50% of the voting power is held by a person or group of persons acting together is a “controlled company” and may elect not to comply with certain stock exchange rules regarding corporate governance, including:

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the requirement that a majority of its board of directors consist of independent directors;

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the requirement that its nominating and corporate governance committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities; and

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the requirement that its compensation committee be composed entirely of independent directors with a written charter addressing the committee’s purpose and responsibilities.

These requirements do not apply to us as long as we remain a “controlled company.” Although we qualify as a “controlled company,” we do not expect to rely on this exemption and intend to comply with relevant corporate governance requirements under the NYSE rules. However, if we were to utilize some or all of these exemptions, you may not have the same protections afforded to shareholders of companies that are subject to all of the NYSE rules regarding corporate governance.

Our issuance of additional Class A Ordinary Shares in connection with financings, acquisitions, investments, under our stock incentive plans, or otherwise will dilute all other shareholders.

We expect to issue additional Class A Ordinary Shares in the future that will result in dilution to all other shareholders. We expect to grant equity awards to employees, directors, and consultants under our stock incentive plans. We may also raise capital through equity financings in the future. As part of our business strategy, we may acquire or make investments in complementary companies, products or technologies and issue equity securities to pay for any such acquisition or investment, and make equity awards under our stock incentive plans to attract, retain, compensate and incentivize employees of businesses that we

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acquire. Any such issuances of additional capital stock may cause shareholders to experience significant dilution of their ownership interests and the per share value of our Class A Ordinary Shares to decline.

Pursuant to our 2021 Equity Incentive Plan (the “2021 Plan”), our board of directors, or our remuneration committee or an officer to the extent authority has been delegated by the board of directors, is authorized to grant stock options and other equity-based awards to our employees, directors and consultants. The 2021 Plan provides for an automatic share reserve increase, or “evergreen” feature, whereby the share reserve will automatically be increased on January 1st of each year commencing on January 1, 2022 and ending on and including January 1, 2031, in an amount equal to the least of: (i) 45,335,210 Class A Ordinary Shares; (ii) 5% of the total number of all classes of our shares that have been issued as at December 31st of the preceding calendar year, in each case, subject to applicable law and our having sufficient authorized but unissued shares; and (iii) such number of Class A Ordinary Shares as our board of directors may designate prior to the applicable January 1. In addition, the 2021 Plan provides for recycling of a maximum of 23,902,282 Class A Ordinary Shares underlying 2021 Plan awards and options granted under our legacy Long-Term Incentive Plan and Company Share Option Plan, in each case which have expired, lapsed, terminated or meet other recycling criteria set forth in the 2021 Plan. If the number of shares available for future grant under the 2021 Plan increases by the maximum amount each year under the evergreen feature and the recycled share provisions, or if the 2021 Plan is otherwise amended to increase the maximum aggregate number of Class A Ordinary Shares that may be issued pursuant to awards under the 2021 Plan, our shareholders may experience additional dilution, which could cause our stock price to fall.

Future resales of our ordinary shares could cause the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares to drop significantly, even if our business is doing well.

Sales of a substantial number of our Class A Ordinary Shares could occur at any time. These sales, or the perception in the market that the holders of a large number of shares intend to sell shares, could reduce the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

At the closing of the Business Combination (the “Business Combination Closing”), we entered into a Lock-up Agreement with certain shareholders, including the Founder and Alkuri Sponsors, LLC. Pursuant to the Lock-Up Agreement, each holder agreed, subject to certain exceptions, and unless waived by us, during the applicable lock-up period, not to (i) lend, offer, pledge, hypothecate, encumber, donate, assign, sell, contract to sell, sell any option or contract to purchase, purchase any option or contract to sell, grant any option, right or warrant to purchase, or otherwise transfer or dispose of, directly or indirectly, some or all of the shares received as consideration in the Business Combination (the “Restricted Securities”), (ii) enter into any swap, short sale, hedge or other arrangement that transfers to another, in whole or in part, any of the economic consequences of ownership of the Restricted Securities, or (iii) publicly disclose the intention to effect any transaction specified in clause (i) or (ii), or (iv) make any demand for or exercise any right with respect to the registration of any shares received pursuant to the Business Combination. In addition, pursuant to our Amended and Restated Memorandum and Articles of Association (the “Babylon Articles”), subject to certain exceptions and unless waived by us, at our sole discretion, holders of ordinary shares in the capital of the Company immediately prior to the Business Combination Closing, excluding the Class A Ordinary Shares issued to certain private placement investors on the date of the Business Combination Closing, were subject to similar restrictions during the applicable lock-up period. The lock-up restrictions under the Lock-Up Agreement and the Babylon Articles expired on April 21, 2022, except with respect to our Founder, as to whom applicable lock-up restrictions under the Lock-Up Agreement and Babylon Articles, subject to certain exceptions and unless waived, remain in force until July 21, 2022.

We have filed this registration statement on Form F-1, to be further amended as necessary, with respect to resales from time to time of an aggregate of 370,530,280 Class A Ordinary Shares held (or that may be held upon exercise of warrants or conversion of Class B Ordinary Shares) by the shareholders identified herein, of which only certain shares owned by the Founder remain subject to the lock-up restrictions described above. In addition, we have filed registration statements on Form S-8 in respect of certain Class A Ordinary Shares that we may issue from time to time pursuant to existing or future awards under our equity compensation plans, some of which were subject to the lock-up restrictions. As the lock-up restrictions described above expired on April 21, 2022 (except for restrictions that expire on July 21, 2022 with respect to the Founder) and the applicable shares can be freely sold in the public market, the market price of our

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Class A Ordinary Shares could decline if the shareholders previously subject to the lock-up restrictions sell their shares or are perceived by the market as intending to sell them. In addition to the foregoing, we issued restricted Class A Ordinary Shares as consideration for the acquisitions of DayToDay and Higi, as further described under “Summary — Overview.” The Class A Ordinary Shares issued in connection with the acquisition of Higi are subject to a one-year lock-up restriction, and will be registered for resale in a separate registration statement on Form F-1. The Class A Ordinary Shares issued as consideration for the DayToDay and Higi acquisitions may be sold in the public market after the expiration of the applicable Securities Act and lock-up restrictions.

We do not currently intend to pay dividends on our Class A Ordinary Shares and, consequently, your ability to achieve a return on your investment will depend on appreciation in the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

We have never declared or paid any cash dividends on our shares and we do not anticipate paying any cash dividends on our shares in the foreseeable future. We intend to retain all available funds and any future earnings to fund the development and expansion of our business. Pursuant to the Companies (Jersey) Law 1991, we may only pay a dividend if the directors who authorize the dividend make a prior solvency statement in the required statutory form. In addition, the terms of our Unsecured Notes issued to the AlbaCore Note Subscribers include, and any future indebtedness would likely contain, limitations on our ability to pay or declare dividends or distributions on our share capital. Therefore, you are not likely to receive any dividends on your Class A Ordinary Shares for the foreseeable future and the success of an investment in our Class A Ordinary Shares will depend upon any future appreciation in the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares. There can be no assurance that the price of our Class A Ordinary Shares will appreciate above the price that a shareholder purchased its Class A Ordinary Shares.

Some of our management team has limited experience managing a public company, and our management is required to devote substantial time to compliance with our public company responsibilities and corporate governance practices.

Members of our management team and other personnel have limited experience managing a publicly traded company, interacting with public company investors and complying with the increasingly complex laws pertaining to public companies. Our management team may not successfully or efficiently manage us as a public company that is subject to significant regulatory oversight, reporting obligations under the federal securities laws, public company corporate governance practices and the continuous scrutiny of securities analysts and investors. These new obligations and constituents require significant attention from our senior management and could divert their attention away from the day-to-day management of our business, which could adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We have identified material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and if our remediation of such material weaknesses is not effective, or if we fail to develop and maintain an effective system of disclosure controls and internal control over financial reporting, our ability to produce timely and accurate financial statements or comply with applicable laws and regulations could be impaired.

We may be required, pursuant to Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, to furnish a report by management on, among other things, the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of 2022. In addition, our independent registered public accounting firm will be required to attest to the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in our first annual report required to be filed with the SEC following the date we are no longer an “emerging growth company.” Both of these assessments, due to the breadth and depth of control operating effectiveness testing to be performed, may identify deficiencies in internal controls over financial reporting that have not previously been identified.

In connection with the audits of our financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, we identified certain control deficiencies in the design and operation of our internal control over financial reporting that constituted material weaknesses. A material weakness is a deficiency, or a combination of deficiencies, in internal control over financial reporting such that there is a reasonable possibility that a material misstatement of our financial statements will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis. Specifically, we have identified (i) that we lack timely, documented evidence of management review controls related to areas of significant judgment and estimation uncertainty and non-routine transactions and

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(ii) that we have insufficient segregation of duties and evidence of management oversight to support the implementation and execution of some of our controls.

At the time of this prospectus, these material weaknesses have not been remediated. However, we are in the process of designing and implementing measures to improve our internal control over financial reporting to remediate the material weaknesses related to its financial reporting as of the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019. Significant enhancements in our internal controls over financial reporting implemented in 2021 include:

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More timely and precise documentation and review procedures relating to areas of significant judgment and estimation uncertainty and non-routine transactions;

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Hiring additional accounting resources, including those with expertise in SEC reporting and technical accounting; and

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Implementing more formal segregation of duties control within our internal financial reporting system and in the design of our manual financial reporting controls.

While we are designing and implementing measures to remediate the material weaknesses, we cannot predict the success of such measures or the outcome of our assessment of these measures at this time. We can give no assurance that these measures will remediate either of the deficiencies in internal control or that additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. Our failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in errors in our financial statements that may lead to a restatement of our financial statements or cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations. If a material weakness was identified and we are unable to assert that its internal control over financial reporting is effective, or when required in the future, if our independent registered public accounting firm is unable to express an unqualified opinion as to the effectiveness of the internal control over financial reporting, investors may lose confidence in the accuracy and completeness of our financial reports, the market price of our Class A Ordinary Shares could be adversely affected and we could become subject to litigation or investigations by the NYSE, the SEC, or other regulatory authorities, which could require additional financial and management resources.

If our estimates or judgments relating to our critical accounting policies prove to be incorrect, our results of operations could be adversely affected.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS and our key metrics require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the Consolidated Financial Statements and accompanying notes and amounts reported in our key metrics. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, as provided in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.” The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets, liabilities and equity and the amount of revenue and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. Significant assumptions and estimates used in preparing our Consolidated Financial Statements include those related to variable consideration in our capitation revenue contracts, capitalization of development costs, assessment of the recoverability of long-lived assets, claims payable estimates of obligations for medical care services, and the classification of warrants. Our results of operations may be adversely affected if our assumptions change or if actual circumstances differ from those in our assumptions, which could cause our results of operations to fall below the expectations of securities analysts and investors, resulting in a decline in the trading price of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

U.S. holders that directly or indirectly own 10% or more of our equity interests may be subject to adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences under rules applicable to U.S. shareholders of controlled foreign corporations.

A non-U.S. corporation generally is classified as a controlled foreign corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes (a “CFC”), if “10% U.S. equityholders” (as defined below) own, directly, indirectly or constructively, more than 50% of either (i) the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote or (ii) the total value of the stock of such corporation. Babylon currently expects to be a CFC this year and may continue to be treated as a CFC in the future. In addition, Babylon’s

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non-U.S. subsidiaries that are classified as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes (if any) are expected to be CFCs as well.

A U.S. holder that owns (or is treated as owning directly or indirectly, including by applying certain attribution rules) 10% or more of the combined voting power of all classes of our stock entitled to vote of a CFC or the total value of the CFC’s equity interests (including equity interests attributable to a deemed exercise of options and convertible debt instruments), or a “10% U.S. equityholder,” is generally required to report annually and include in their U.S. federal taxable income their pro rata share of the CFC’s “Subpart F income” and, in computing their “global intangible low-taxed income,” their pro rata share of the CFC’s “tested income” and the amount of certain U.S. property (including certain stock in U.S. corporations and certain tangible assets located in the United States) held by the CFC regardless of whether such CFC makes any distributions. In addition, a portion of any gains realized on the sale of stock of a CFC by a 10% U.S. equityholder may be treated as ordinary income. A 10% U.S. equityholder is also subject to additional U.S. federal income tax information reporting requirements with respect to any CFC and substantial penalties may be imposed for noncompliance. We cannot provide any assurances that Babylon will assist U.S. Holders in determining whether Babylon or any of its subsidiaries are treated as a CFC for U.S. federal income tax purposes or whether any U.S. Holder is treated as a 10% U.S. equityholder with respect to any of such CFC or furnish to any holder information that may be necessary to comply with reporting and tax paying obligations if Babylon, or any of its subsidiaries, is treated as a CFC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Each U.S. holder should consult its own tax advisor regarding the CFC rules and whether such U.S. holder may be a 10% U.S. equityholder for purposes of these rules.

Our U.S. shareholders may suffer adverse tax consequences if we are classified as a “passive foreign investment company.”

A non-U.S. corporation generally will be a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for any taxable year if either (i) at least 75% of its gross income is passive income or (ii) at least 50% of its assets (determined based on a quarterly average) are held for the production of, or produce, passive income (such test described in clause (ii), the “Asset Test”). Passive income generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents and royalties (other than rents or royalties derived from the active conduct of a trade or business) and gains from the disposition of passive assets. In making this determination, the non-U.S. corporation is treated as earning its proportionate share of any income and owning its proportionate share of any assets of any corporation in which it holds, directly or indirectly, a 25% or greater interest by value of the stock. While the Asset Test is generally performed based on the fair market value of the assets, special rules apply with respect to the Asset Test in the case of the assets held by CFCs. Based on the current and anticipated composition of our and our subsidiaries’ income, assets, structure and operations and certain factual assumptions, although not free from doubt, we currently do not expect to be a PFIC for the taxable year ending December 31, 2022. However, there can be no assurances in this regard, because PFIC status is determined annually and requires a factual determination that depends on, among other things, the composition of a company’s income, assets and activities in each taxable year, and can only be made annually after the close of each taxable year, and is thus subject to significant uncertainty. Furthermore, the value of our gross assets is likely to be determined in part by reference to our market capitalization, which may fluctuate significantly. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for any taxable year.

If we are a PFIC for any taxable year during which a U.S. Holder (as defined in “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations”) holds our ordinary shares, certain adverse U.S. federal income tax consequences could apply to such U.S. Holder. Prospective U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the potential application of the PFIC rules to them. See “Material U.S. Federal Income Tax Considerations — Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules.”

Risks Related to Our Incorporation in Jersey

Your rights and responsibilities as a shareholder are governed by Jersey law, which differs in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. companies.

We are organized under the laws of the Bailiwick of Jersey, Channel Islands, a British crown dependency that is an island located off the coast of Normandy, France. Jersey is not a member of the EU. Jersey

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legislation regarding companies is largely based on English corporate law principles. The rights and responsibilities of the holders of our ordinary shares are governed by the Babylon Articles and by Jersey law, including the provisions of the Jersey Companies Law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in U.S. corporations.

In particular, Jersey law significantly limits the circumstances under which shareholders of companies may bring derivative actions and, in most cases, only the corporation may be the proper claimant or plaintiff for the purposes of maintaining proceedings in respect of any wrongful act committed against it. Neither an individual nor any group of shareholders has any right of action in such circumstances. Jersey law also does not afford appraisal rights to dissenting shareholders in the form typically available to shareholders of a U.S. corporation.

It may be difficult to enforce a U.S. judgment against us or our directors and officers outside the United States, or to assert U.S. securities law claims outside of the United States.

A number of our directors and executive officers are not residents of the United States, and the majority of our assets and the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. As a result, it may be difficult or impossible for investors to effect service of process upon us within the United States or other jurisdictions, including judgments predicated upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States.

Investors may also have difficulties pursuing an original action brought in a court in a jurisdiction outside the United States, including Jersey, for liabilities under the securities laws of the United States. The Babylon Articles provide that, unless we consent in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, the Courts of Jersey shall (to the fullest extent permitted by law) be the sole and exclusive forum for derivative shareholder actions, actions for breach of fiduciary duty by our directors and officers, actions arising out of the Jersey Companies Law or actions arising out of or in connection with the Babylon Articles (pursuant to any provisions of Jersey law) or otherwise relating to the constitution or conduct of the company itself (other than any such action of the company that may arise out of a breach of any federal law of the United States or the laws of any U.S. state). The exclusive forum provision would not prevent derivative shareholder actions based on claims arising under U.S. federal securities laws from being raised in a U.S. court and would not prevent a U.S. court from asserting jurisdiction over such claims. In addition, unless the company consents in writing to the selection of an alternative forum, U.S federal district courts shall be the sole and exclusive form for any resolution of any complaint asserting a cause of action arising under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.

Although we believe these exclusive forum provisions will benefit us by providing increased consistency in the application of U.S. federal securities laws and the laws of Jersey in the types of lawsuits to which they apply, these provisions may limit a shareholder’s ability to bring a claim in a judicial forum of its choosing for disputes with us or any of our directors, shareholders, officers, or others, or may increase the cost of doing so, both of which may discourage lawsuits with respect to such claims. Our shareholders have not been deemed to have waived our compliance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the rules and regulations thereunder as a result of our exclusive forum provision. Further, in the event a court finds the exclusive forum provisions contained in the Babylon Articles to be unenforceable or inapplicable in an action, we may incur additional costs associated with resolving such action in other jurisdictions, which could harm our results of operations.

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CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This prospectus contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. All statements other than statements of historical facts contained in this prospectus, including statements regarding our future financial position, business strategy and plans and objectives of management for future operations, are forward-looking statements.

In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as “believe,” “may,” “estimate,” “continue,” “anticipate,” “intend,” “should,” “plan,” “expect,” “predict,” “potential” or the negative of these terms or other similar expressions. Forward-looking statements include, without limitation, our expectations concerning the outlook for our business, productivity, plans and goals for future operational improvements and capital investments, operational performance, future market conditions or economic performance and developments in the capital and credit markets and expected future financial performance, as well as any information concerning our possible or assumed future results of operations.

Forward-looking statements involve a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions, and actual results or events may differ materially from those projected or implied in those statements. Important factors that could cause such differences include, but are not limited to:

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our inability to generate profit in the future or obtain additional financing on favorable terms;

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uncertainties related to our ability to continue as a going concern;

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our inability to manage growth and execute business plans, address competitive challenges,maintain corporate culture or grow at our historical rates;

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competition;

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our inability to renew contracts with existing customers, contract renewals at lower fee levels, or significant reductions in members, pricing or premiums under our contracts due to factors outside our control;

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our dependence on our relationships with physician-owned entities;

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our inability to maintain and expand a network of qualified providers;

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our inability to increase engagement of individual members or realize the member healthcare cost savings that we expect;

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the concentration of our revenue on a limited number of customers;

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the uncertainty and potential inadequacy of our claims liability estimates for medical costs and expenses;

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risks associated with estimating the amount and timing of revenue recognized under our licensing agreements and value-based care agreements with health plans;

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risks associated with our physician partners’ failure to accurately, timely and sufficiently document their services;

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risks associated with inaccurate or unsupportable information regarding risk adjustment scores of members in records and submissions to health plans;

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risks associated with reduction of reimbursement rates paid by third-party payers or federal or state healthcare programs;

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risks associated with regulatory proposals directed at containing or lowering the cost of healthcare, including the ACO REACH model; immaturity and volatility of the market for telemedicine and our unproven digital-first approach;

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our inability to develop and release new solutions and services;

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our relatively limited operating history;

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difficulty in hiring and retaining talent to operate our business;

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dependence on relationships with third parties for growth;

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•

our fluctuating quarterly results;

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risks associated with our international operations, economic uncertainty or downturns;

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risks associated with expanding our direct sales force and acquiring other businesses;

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risks associated with our use of open source software;

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risks associated with catastrophic events and pandemics, including the COVID-19 pandemic;

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risks associated with our long and unpredictable sales and implementation cycle;

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our inability to obtain or maintain insurance licenses or authorizations allowing our participation in
risk-sharing arrangements with payers;

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risks associated with foreign currency exchange rate fluctuations and restrictions;

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risks associated with evolving laws and government regulations, including tax laws;

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risks that certain of our software products could become subject to FDA oversight;

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risks associated with medical device regulations applicable to certain of our products and operations;

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risks associated with our intellectual property and potential claims and legal proceedings;

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risks associated with information technology, cybersecurity and data privacy;

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risks associated with ownership of our Class A Ordinary Shares and operating as a public company;

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risks associated with our incorporation in Jersey; and

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other risks and uncertainties described in the section titled “Risk Factors” in this prospectus.

We caution you against placing undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which reflect current beliefs and are based on information currently available as of the date a forward-looking statement is made. In evaluating our forward-looking statements, you should specifically consider the risks and uncertainties described in the section titled “Risk Factors” in this prospectus.

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MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS

The following discussion is a summary of material U.S. federal income tax considerations for U.S. Holders (as defined below) of the ownership and disposition of our Class A Ordinary Shares. This section applies only to U.S. Holders that hold their Class A Ordinary Shares as “capital assets” for U.S. federal income tax purposes (generally, property held for investment).

This discussion is included for general informational purposes only, does not purport to consider all aspects of U.S. federal income taxation that might be relevant to a Holder, and does not constitute, and is not, a tax opinion for or tax advice to any particular U.S. Holder. This discussion is limited to U.S. federal income tax considerations and does not address estate or any gift tax considerations or considerations arising under the tax laws of any state, local or non-U.S. jurisdiction. This discussion does not describe all of the U.S. federal income tax consequences that may be relevant to you in light of your particular circumstances, including the alternative minimum tax, the Medicare tax on certain investment income and the different consequences that may apply to U.S. Holders that are subject to special rules under U.S. federal income tax law that apply to certain types of investors, such as:

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financial institutions or financial services entities;

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broker-dealers;

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taxpayers that are subject to the mark-to-market accounting rules with respect to our Class A Ordinary Shares;

•

persons required to accelerate the recognition of any item of gross income with respect to our Class A Ordinary Shares as a result of such income being recognized on an applicable financial statement;

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tax-exempt entities;

•

governments or agencies or instrumentalities thereof;

•

insurance companies;

•

mutual funds;

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pension plans;

•

regulated investment companies or real estate investment trusts;

•

partnerships (including entities or arrangements treated as partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes);

•

U.S. expatriates or former long-term residents of the United States;

•

persons that directly, indirectly or constructively own ten percent or more (by vote or value) of our capital stock;

•

S corporations;

•

trusts and estates;

•

persons that acquired their Class A Ordinary Shares pursuant to an exercise of employee share options, in connection with employee share incentive plans or otherwise as compensation;

•

persons that hold Class A Ordinary Shares as part of a straddle, constructive sale, constructive ownership transaction, hedging, wash sale, synthetic security, conversion or other integrated or similar transaction;

•

U.S. Holders (as defined below) whose functional currency is not the U.S. dollar; or

•

“controlled foreign corporations,” “passive foreign investment companies” or corporations that accumulate earnings to avoid U.S. federal income tax.

If a partnership (or any entity or arrangement treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes) holds our Class A Ordinary Shares, the tax treatment of such partnership and a person treated as

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a partner of such partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Partnerships holding our Class A Ordinary Shares and persons that are treated as partners of such partnerships should consult their tax advisors as to the particular U.S. federal income tax consequences to them.

This discussion is based on the Code, proposed, temporary and final Treasury Regulations promulgated thereunder, and judicial and administrative interpretations thereof, all as of the date hereof. All of the foregoing is subject to change, which change could apply retroactively and could affect the tax considerations described herein.

We have not sought, and do not intend to seek, any rulings from the IRS as to any U.S. federal income tax considerations described herein. There can be no assurance that the IRS will not take positions inconsistent with the considerations discussed below or that any such positions would not be sustained by a court.

THIS DISCUSSION IS ONLY A SUMMARY OF CERTAIN U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS APPLICABLE TO HOLDERS OF OUR CLASS A ORDINARY SHARES. EACH HOLDER SHOULD CONSULT ITS OWN TAX ADVISOR WITH RESPECT TO THE PARTICULAR TAX CONSEQUENCES TO SUCH HOLDER OF THE FOREGOING, INCLUDING THE APPLICABILITY AND EFFECTS OF U.S. FEDERAL NON-INCOME, STATE AND LOCAL AND NON-U.S. TAX LAWS.

As used herein, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of a Class A Ordinary Share who or that is, for

U.S. federal income tax purposes:

•

an individual who is a citizen or resident of the United States;

•

a corporation (or other entity that is treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes) that is created or organized (or treated as created or organized) in or under the laws of the United States or any state thereof or the District of Columbia;

•

an estate whose income is subject to U.S. federal income tax regardless of its source; or

•

a trust if (1) a U.S. court can exercise primary supervision over the administration of such trust and one or more United States persons have the authority to control all substantial decisions of the trust or (2) it has a valid election in place to be treated as a United States person.

Dividends and Other Distributions on our Class A Ordinary Shares

As described under the heading “Dividend Policy,” we do not anticipate making distributions to holders of Class A Ordinary Shares at this time. Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below under the heading “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” distributions on our Class A Ordinary Shares will generally be taxable as a dividend for U.S. federal income tax purposes to the extent paid from our current or accumulated earnings and profits, as determined under U.S. federal income tax principles. Distributions in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits will constitute a return of capital that will be applied against and reduce (but not below zero) the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in its Class A Ordinary Shares. Any remaining excess will be treated as gain realized on the sale or other disposition of the Class A Ordinary Shares and will be treated as described below under the heading “— Gain or Loss on Sale, Taxable Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of our Class A Ordinary Shares.” Because we do not calculate our earnings and profits under U.S. federal income tax principles, a U.S. Holder should expect all cash distributions to be reported as dividends for U.S. federal income tax purposes. The amount of any such distribution will include any amounts withheld by us (or another applicable withholding agent). Amounts treated as dividends that we pay to a U.S. Holder that is a taxable corporation generally will be taxed at regular tax rates and will not qualify for the dividends received deduction generally allowed to domestic corporations in respect of dividends received from other domestic corporations. With respect to non-corporate U.S. Holders, under tax laws currently in effect and subject to certain exceptions (including, but not limited to, dividends treated as investment income for purposes of investment interest deduction limitations), dividends generally will be taxed at the lower applicable long-term capital gains rate only if our Class A Ordinary Shares are readily tradable on an established securities market in the United States or we are eligible for benefits under an applicable tax treaty with the United States, and, in each case, we are not treated as a PFIC with

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respect to such U.S. Holder at the time the dividend was paid or in the preceding year and provided certain holding period requirements are met. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding the availability of the lower rate for dividends paid with respect to our Class A Ordinary Shares.

The amount of any dividend distribution paid in foreign currency will be the U.S. dollar amount calculated by reference to the applicable exchange rate in effect on the date of actual or constructive receipt, regardless of whether the payment is in fact converted into U.S. dollars at that time. A U.S. Holder may have foreign currency gain or loss if the dividend is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of receipt.

Amounts taxable as dividends generally will be treated as income from sources outside the U.S. and will, depending on the circumstances of the U.S. Holder, be “passive” or “general” category income which, in either case, is treated separately from other types of income for purposes of computing the foreign tax credit allowable to such U.S. Holder. However, if we are a “United States-owned foreign corporation” (generally, a non-U.S. corporation 50% or more of the stock of which, by vote and value, is held directly, indirectly, or constructively under applicable attribution rules, by United States persons), then a portion of the dividends paid on the Class A Ordinary Shares will be treated as U.S. source income (rather than foreign source income) for foreign tax credit purposes if more than 10% of the earnings and profits out of which the dividends are paid is attributable to sources within the United States. This rule, to the extent applicable, could result in a lower amount of foreign taxes being potentially creditable by a U.S. Holder than would be the case if such dividends were treated as foreign source income. If we do pay dividends in the future, we anticipate that a substantial portion of such dividends will be paid out of earnings and profits from sources within the United States. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the possible impact of this rule in their particular circumstances. The rules governing the treatment of foreign taxes imposed on a U.S. Holder and foreign tax credits are complex, and U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors about the impact of these rules in their particular situations.

Gain or Loss on Sale, Taxable Exchange or Other Taxable Disposition of our Class A Ordinary Shares

Subject to the PFIC rules discussed below under the heading “— Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules,” upon any sale, exchange or other taxable disposition of our Class A Ordinary Shares, a U.S. Holder generally will recognize gain or loss in an amount equal to the difference between (i) the sum of (x) the amount of cash and (y) the fair market value of any other property received in such sale, exchange or other taxable disposition and (ii) the U.S. Holder’s adjusted tax basis in such Class A Ordinary Share, in each case as calculated in U.S. dollars. Any such gain or loss generally will be capital gain or loss and will be long-term capital gain or loss if the U.S. Holder’s holding period for such Class A Ordinary Shares exceeds one year. Long-term capital gain realized by a non-corporate U.S. Holder generally will be taxable at a reduced rate. The deduction of capital losses is subject to limitations. The gain or loss will generally be U.S.-source gain or loss for foreign tax credit purposes.

Passive Foreign Investment Company Rules

The treatment of U.S. Holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares could be materially different from that described above if we are treated as a passive foreign investment company (“PFIC”) for U.S. federal income tax purposes.

A non-U.S. corporation generally will be a PFIC for any taxable year if either (i) at least 75% of its gross income is passive income or (ii) at least 50% of its assets (determined based on a quarterly average) are held for the production of, or produce, passive income (such test described in clause (ii), the “Asset Test”). Passive income generally includes, among other things, dividends, interest, rents and royalties (other than rents or royalties derived from the active conduct of a trade or business) and gains from the disposition of passive assets. In making this determination, the non-U.S. corporation is treated as earning its proportionate share of any income and owning its proportionate share of any assets of any corporation in which it holds, directly or indirectly, a 25% or greater interest by value of the stock. While the Asset Test is generally performed based on the fair market value of the assets, special rules apply with respect to the Asset Test in the case of the assets held by CFCs. Based on the current and anticipated composition of our and our subsidiaries’ income, assets, structure and operations and certain factual assumptions, although not free from doubt, we currently do not expect to be a PFIC for the taxable year ending December 31, 2022. However, there can be no assurances in this regard, because PFIC status is determined annually and requires a factual

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determination that depends on, among other things, the composition of a company’s income, assets and activities in each taxable year, and can only be made annually after the close of each taxable year, and is thus subject to significant uncertainty. Furthermore, the value of our gross assets is likely to be determined in part by reference to our market capitalization, which may fluctuate significantly. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that we will not be a PFIC for any taxable year.

Although our PFIC status is determined annually, we will generally continue to be treated as a PFIC in subsequent years in the case of a U.S. Holder who held our Class A Ordinary Shares while we were a PFIC, whether or not we meet the test for PFIC status in those subsequent years. If we are determined to be a PFIC for any taxable year (or portion thereof) that is included in the holding period of a U.S. Holder of our Class A Ordinary Shares and, in the case of our Class A Ordinary Shares, the U.S. Holder did not make either an applicable PFIC election (or elections), as further described below, for our first taxable year in which we were treated as a PFIC and in which the U.S. Holder held (or was deemed to hold) such Class A Ordinary Shares or otherwise, such U.S. Holder generally will be subject to special and adverse rules with respect to (i) any gain recognized by the U.S. Holder on the sale or other disposition of its Class A Ordinary Shares (which may include gain realized by reason of transfers of our Class A Ordinary Shares that would otherwise qualify as nonrecognition transactions for U.S. federal income tax purposes) and (ii) any “excess distribution” made to the U.S. Holder (generally, any distributions to such U.S. Holder during a taxable year of the U.S. Holder that are greater than 125% of the average annual distributions received by such U.S. Holder in respect of the Class A Ordinary Shares during the three preceding taxable years of such U.S. Holder or, if shorter, such U.S. Holder’s holding period for the Class A Ordinary Shares).

Under these rules:

•

the U.S. Holder’s gain or excess distribution will be allocated ratably over the U.S. Holder’s holding period for our Class A Ordinary Shares;

•

the amount allocated to the U.S. Holder’s taxable year in which the U.S. Holder recognized the gain or received the excess distribution, or to the period in the U.S. Holder’s holding period before the first day of our first taxable year in which we are a PFIC, will be taxed as ordinary income;

•

the amount allocated to other taxable years (or portions thereof) of the U.S. Holder and included in its holding period will be taxed at the highest tax rate in effect for that year and applicable to the U.S. Holder without regard to the U.S. Holder’s other items of income and loss for such year; and

•

an additional tax equal to the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax will be imposed on the U.S. Holder with respect to the tax attributable to each such other taxable year of the U.S. Holder.

If Babylon is a PFIC and, at any time, owns equity in a non-U.S. corporation that is classified as a PFIC, a U.S. Holder generally would be deemed to own a proportionate amount of the shares of such lower- tier PFIC, and generally could incur liability for the deferred tax and interest charge described above if we receive a distribution from, or disposes of all or part of its interest in, the lower-tier PFIC, or the U.S. Holder otherwise was deemed to have disposed of an interest in the lower-tier PFIC. There can be no assurance that we will have timely knowledge of the status of any such lower-tier PFIC. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the tax issues raised by lower-tier PFICs.

If we are a PFIC and our Class A Ordinary Shares constitute “marketable stock,” a U.S. Holder may avoid the adverse PFIC tax consequences discussed above if such U.S. Holder makes a mark-to-market election with respect to such shares for the first taxable year in which it holds (or is deemed to hold) our Class A Ordinary Shares and each subsequent taxable year. Such U.S. Holder generally will include for each of its taxable years as ordinary income the excess, if any, of the fair market value of its Class A Ordinary Shares at the end of such year over its adjusted basis in its Class A Ordinary Shares. These amounts of ordinary income would not be eligible for the favorable tax rates applicable to qualified dividend income or long-term capital gains. The U.S. Holder also will recognize an ordinary loss in respect of the excess, if any, of its adjusted basis of its Class A Ordinary Shares over the fair market value of its Class A Ordinary Shares at the end of its taxable year (but only to the extent of the net amount of previously included income as a result of the mark-to-market election). The U.S. Holder’s basis in its Class A Ordinary Shares will be adjusted to reflect any such income or loss amounts, and any further gain recognized on a sale or other taxable disposition of its Class A Ordinary Shares will be treated as ordinary income.

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The mark-to-market election is available only for “marketable stock,” generally, stock that is regularly traded on a national securities exchange that is registered with the SEC, or on a foreign exchange or market that the IRS determines has rules sufficient to ensure that the market price represents a legitimate and sound fair market value. For this purpose, Class A Ordinary Shares generally will be considered regularly traded (i) during the calendar year of initial public offering if they are traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on 1/6 of the days remaining in the quarter in which the initial public offering occurs and on at least 15 days during each remaining quarter of that calendar year (or, if the initial public offering occurs in the fourth quarter, on the greater of 1/6 of the days remaining in such quarter or 5 days) and (ii) during any other calendar year during which they are traded, other than in de minimis quantities, on at least 15 days during each quarter. Any trades that have as their principal purpose meeting this requirement will be disregarded. If made, a mark-to-market election would be effective for the taxable year for which the election was made and for all subsequent taxable years unless our Class A Ordinary Shares cease to qualify as “marketable stock” for purposes of the PFIC rules or the IRS consents to the revocation of the election. Because a mark- to-market election cannot be made for any lower-tier PFICs that we may own, a U.S. Holder will generally continue to be subject to the PFIC rules discussed above with respect to such holder’s indirect interest in any investments Babylon holds that are treated as an equity interest in a PFIC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result, it is possible that any mark-to-market election will be of limited benefit. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the availability and tax consequences of a mark-to-market election with respect to our Class A Ordinary Shares under their particular circumstances.

Alternatively, a U.S. Holder of a PFIC may avoid the adverse PFIC tax consequences described above in respect of stock of the PFIC by making and maintaining a timely and valid qualified electing fund (“QEF”) election (if eligible to do so) to include in income its pro rata share of the PFIC’s net capital gains (as long-term capital gain) and other earnings and profits (as ordinary income), on a current basis, in each case whether or not distributed, in the first taxable year of the U.S. Holder in which or with which the PFIC’s taxable year ends and each subsequent taxable year. The U.S. Holder’s adjusted basis in Class A Ordinary Shares will be increased by the amounts so included in gross income. Any subsequent distribution by Babylon that is paid out of the earnings and profits that were previously so included in gross income of the U.S. Holder generally will not be taxable as a dividend to the U.S. Holder, and the U.S. Holder’s adjusted basis in the Class A Ordinary Shares will decrease by the amount of the distribution not treated as a taxable dividend. If a U.S. Holder has timely made a QEF election with respect to the Class A ordinary shares, any gain such U.S. Holder recognizes upon the sale or other disposition of the Class A Ordinary Shares generally will be treated as capital gain, and no interest charge will be imposed. In order to comply with the requirements of a QEF election, a U.S. Holder must receive a PFIC Annual Information Statement from the PFIC. We do not presently intend to provide a PFIC Annual Information Statement in order for U.S. Holders to make or maintain a QEF election.

PFIC Reporting Requirements

A U.S. Holder that owns (or is deemed to own) shares in a PFIC during any taxable year of the U.S. Holder, may have to file an IRS Form 8621 (whether mark-to-market or any other election is made) and to provide such other information as may be required by the U.S. Treasury Department. Failure to do so, if required, will extend the statute of limitations applicable to such U.S. Holder until after such required information is furnished to the IRS.

The rules governing PFICs and mark-to-market and other elections are very complex and are affected by various factors in addition to those described above. Accordingly, U.S. Holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares are urged to consult their own tax advisors concerning the application of the PFIC rules to our securities under their particular circumstances.

Additional Reporting Requirements

Certain U.S. Holders holding specified foreign financial assets with an aggregate value in excess of the applicable dollar thresholds are required to report information to the IRS relating to our Class A Ordinary Shares, subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for our Class A Ordinary Shares held in accounts maintained by U.S. financial institutions), by attaching a complete IRS Form 8938 (Statement of Specified Foreign Financial Assets) with their tax return for each year in which they hold our Class A Ordinary Shares.

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Substantial penalties apply to any failure to file IRS Form 8938 and the period of limitations on assessment and collection of U.S. federal income taxes will be extended in the event of a failure to comply. U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding the effect, if any, of these rules on the ownership and disposition of our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Information Reporting and Backup Withholding

Payments of dividends and sales proceeds that are made within the United States or through certain U.S.- related financial intermediaries are subject to information reporting and may be subject to backup withholding.

Backup withholding generally will not apply, however, to a U.S. Holder if (i) the U.S. Holder is a corporation (other than an S corporation) or other exempt recipient or (ii) the U.S. Holder provides a correct taxpayer identification number and certifies that it is not subject to backup withholding.

Backup withholding is not an additional tax. The amount of any backup withholding from a payment to a U.S. Holder will be allowed as a credit against such U.S. Holder’s U.S. federal income tax liability and may entitle it to a refund, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the IRS.

THE U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX DISCUSSION SET FORTH ABOVE IS INCLUDED FOR GENERAL INFORMATION ONLY AND MAY NOT BE APPLICABLE TO YOU DEPENDING UPON YOUR PARTICULAR SITUATION. YOU ARE URGED TO CONSULT YOUR OWN TAX ADVISOR WITH RESPECT TO THE TAX CONSEQUENCES TO YOU OF THE OWNERSHIP AND DISPOSITION OF CLASS A ORDINARY SHARES INCLUDING THE TAX CONSEQUENCES UNDER STATE, LOCAL, ESTATE, NON-U.S. AND OTHER TAX LAWS AND TAX TREATIES AND THE POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF CHANGES IN U.S. OR OTHER TAX LAWS.

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MATERIAL JERSEY TAX CONSIDERATIONS

The following summary of the anticipated treatment of Babylon and holders of Class A Ordinary Shares, Class B Ordinary Shares or deferred shares in Babylon (together, “Babylon Shares”) (other than residents of Jersey) is based on Jersey taxation law and practice as they are understood to apply at the date of this document and is subject to changes in such taxation law and practice. It does not constitute legal or tax advice and does not address all aspects of Jersey tax law and practice (including such tax law and practice as they apply to any land or building situate in Jersey). Prospective investors in Babylon Shares should consult their professional advisers on the implications of acquiring, buying, selling or otherwise disposing of Babylon Shares under the laws of any jurisdiction in which they may be liable to taxation.

Taxation of Babylon

Babylon is not regarded as resident for tax purposes in Jersey. Therefore, Babylon is not liable to Jersey income tax other than on Jersey source income (except where such income is exempted from income tax pursuant to the Income Tax (Jersey) Law 1961, as amended) and dividends on Babylon ordinary shares may be paid by Babylon without withholding or deduction for or on account of Jersey income tax. The holders of Babylon ordinary shares (other than residents of Jersey) is not subject to any tax in Jersey in respect of the holding, sale or other disposition of such Babylon ordinary shares.

Stamp duty / transfer taxes

In Jersey, no stamp duty or other transfer tax is levied on the issue or transfer of Babylon Shares except that stamp duty is payable on Jersey grants of probate and letters of administration, which is not generally be required to transfer Babylon Shares on the death of a holder of such Babylon ordinary shares In the case of a grant of probate or letters of administration, stamp duty is levied according to the size of the estate (wherever situated in respect of a holder of Babylon Shares domiciled in Jersey, or situated in Jersey in respect of a holder of Babylon Shares domiciled outside Jersey) and is payable on a sliding scale at a rate of up to 0.75% of such estate and such duty is capped at £100,000.

Jersey does not otherwise levy taxes upon capital, inheritances, capital gains or gifts nor are there other estate duties.

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MATERIAL UNITED KINGDOM TAX CONSIDERATIONS

The following statements are of a general nature and do not purport to be a complete analysis of all potential U.K. tax consequences of acquiring, holding and disposing of our Class A Ordinary Shares. They are based on current U.K. tax law and on the current published practice of Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs (“HMRC”) (which may not be binding on HMRC), as of the date hereof, all of which are subject to change, possibly with retrospective effect. They are intended to address only certain United Kingdom tax consequences for holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares who are tax resident in (and only in) the United Kingdom, and in the case of individuals, domiciled in (and only in) the United Kingdom (except where expressly stated otherwise) who are the absolute beneficial owners of our Class A Ordinary Shares and any dividends paid on them and who hold our Class A Ordinary Shares as investments (other than in an individual savings account or a self-invested personal pension). They do not address the U.K. tax consequences which may be relevant to certain classes of holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares such as traders, brokers, dealers, banks, financial institutions, insurance companies, investment companies, collective investment schemes, tax-exempt organizations, trustees, persons connected with us or a member of our group, persons holding our Class A Ordinary Shares as part of hedging or conversion transactions, holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares who have (or are deemed to have) acquired our ordinary shares by virtue of an office or employment, and holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares who are or have been officers or employees of us or a company forming part of our group. The statements do not apply to any holder of our Class A Ordinary Shares who either directly or indirectly holds or controls 10% or more of our share capital (or class thereof), voting power or profits.

The following is intended only as a general guide and is not intended to be, nor should it be considered to be, legal or tax advice to any particular prospective subscriber for, or purchaser of, our Class A Ordinary Shares. Accordingly, prospective subscribers for, or purchasers of, our Class A Ordinary Shares who are in any doubt as to their tax position regarding the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our Class A Ordinary Shares or who are subject to tax in a jurisdiction other than the United Kingdom should consult their own tax advisers.

The Company

It is the intention of the directors to conduct the affairs of the Company so that the central management and control of the Company is exercised in the U.K. As a result, the Company is expected to be treated as resident in the U.K. for U.K. tax purposes. Accordingly we expect to be subject to U.K. taxation on our income and gains, except where an exemption applies.

We may be treated as a dual resident company for U.K. tax purposes. As a result, our right to claim certain reliefs from U.K. tax may be restricted, and changes in law or practice in the United Kingdom could result in the imposition of further restrictions on our right to claim U.K. tax reliefs.

Taxation of dividends

Withholding tax

We will not be required to withhold U.K. tax at source when paying dividends on our Class A Ordinary Shares.

Income tax

An individual holder of our Class A Ordinary Shares who is resident for tax purposes in the U.K. may, depending on his or her particular circumstances, be subject to U.K. tax on dividends received from us. Dividend income is treated as the top slice of the total income chargeable to U.K. income tax. An individual holder of our Class A Ordinary Shares who is not resident for tax purposes in the U.K. should not be chargeable to U.K. income tax on dividends received from us unless he or she carries on (whether solely or in partnership) any trade, profession or vocation in the U.K. through a branch or agency to which our Class A Ordinary Shares are attributable. There are certain exceptions for trading in the U.K. through independent agents, such as some brokers and investment managers.

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All dividends received by a U.K. resident individual holder of our Class A Ordinary Shares from us or from other sources will form part of that holder’s total income for income tax purposes and will constitute the top slice of that income. A nil rate of income tax will apply to the first £2,000 of taxable dividend income received by the holder of our ordinary shares in a tax year. Income within the nil rate band will be taken into account in determining whether income in excess of the nil rate band falls within the basic rate, higher rate or additional rate tax bands. Where the dividend income is above the £2,000 dividend allowance, the first £2,000 of the dividend income will be charged at the nil rate and any excess amount will be taxed at 7.5% to the extent that the excess amount falls within the basic rate tax band, 32.5% to the extent that the excess amount falls within the higher rate tax band and 38.1% to the extent that the excess amount falls within the additional rate tax band. From April 6, 2022, these rates are expected to increase to 8.75%, 33.75% and 39.35% respectively.

Corporation tax

Corporate holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares which are resident for tax purposes in the U.K. should not be subject to U.K. corporation tax on any dividend received from us so long as the dividends qualify for exemption (as is likely) and certain conditions are met (including anti-avoidance conditions). Corporate holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares which are not resident in the United Kingdom will not generally be subject to U.K. corporation tax on dividends unless they are carrying on a trade, profession or vocation in the United Kingdom through a permanent establishment in connection with which such shares are attributable.

A holder of our Class A Ordinary Shares who is resident outside the United Kingdom may be subject to non-U.K. taxation on dividend income under local law.

Taxation of capital gains

U.K. resident holders of our ordinary shares

A disposal or deemed disposal of our Class A Ordinary Shares by an individual or corporate holder of such shares who is tax resident in the United Kingdom may, depending on that holder’s circumstances and subject to any available exemptions or reliefs, give rise to a chargeable gain or allowable loss for the purposes of U.K. taxation of chargeable gains.

Any chargeable gain (or allowable loss) will generally be calculated by reference to the consideration received for the disposal of our Class A Ordinary Shares less the allowable cost to the holder of acquiring such shares.

The applicable tax rates for individual holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares realizing a gain on the disposal of such shares is, broadly, 10% for basic rate taxpayers and 20% for higher and additional rate taxpayers. The applicable tax rates for corporate holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares realizing a gain on the disposal of such shares is currently 19% (which rate is expected to increase to 25% with effect from April 1, 2023 for corporate holders with profits over £250,000).

Non-U.K. holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares

Holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares who are not resident in the United Kingdom and, in the case of an individual holder of our Class A Ordinary Shares, not temporarily non-resident, should not be liable for U.K. tax on capital gains realized on a sale or other disposal of our Class A Ordinary Shares unless (i) such shares are attributable to a trade, profession or vocation carried on in the United Kingdom through a branch or agency or, in the case of a corporate holder of our Class A Ordinary Shares, through a permanent establishment or (ii) where certain conditions are met, the Company derives 75% or more of its gross asset value from U.K. land. Holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares who are not resident in the United Kingdom may be subject to non-U.K. taxation on any gain under local law.

Generally, an individual holder of our Class A Ordinary Shares who has ceased to be resident in the United Kingdom for tax purposes for a period of five years or less and who disposes of our Class A Ordinary

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Shares during that period may be liable on their return to the United Kingdom to U.K. taxation on any capital gain realized (subject to any available exemption or relief).

U.K. stamp duty (“Stamp Duty”) and U.K. stamp duty reserve tax (“SDRT”)

The statements below are intended as a general guide to the current position relating to Stamp Duty and SDRT and apply to any holders of our Class A Ordinary Shares irrespective of their place of tax residence.

No U.K. Stamp Duty or SDRT, will be payable on the issue of Class A Ordinary Shares, subject to the comments below.

Stamp Duty will in principle be payable on any instrument of transfer of Class A Ordinary Shares that is executed in the United Kingdom or that relates to any property situated, or to any matter or thing done or to be done, in the United Kingdom. An exemption from Stamp Duty is available on an instrument transferring Class A Ordinary Shares where the amount or value of the consideration is £1,000 or less and it is certified on the instrument that the transaction effected by the instrument does not form part of a larger transaction or series of transactions in respect of which the aggregate amount or value of the consideration exceeds £1,000. Holders of Class A Ordinary Shares should be aware that, even where an instrument of transfer is in principle subject to Stamp Duty, Stamp Duty is not required to be paid unless it is necessary to rely on the instrument for legal purposes, for example to register a change of ownership or in litigation in a U.K. court.

Provided that Class A Ordinary Shares are not registered in any register maintained in the United Kingdom by or on behalf of us and are not paired with any shares issued by a U.K. incorporated company, any agreement to transfer Class A Ordinary Shares will not be subject to SDRT. The Class A Ordinary Shares are not paired with any shares issued by a U.K. incorporated company and we currently do not intend that any register of ordinary shares will be maintained in the United Kingdom.

IF YOU ARE IN ANY DOUBT AS TO YOUR TAX POSITION YOU SHOULD CONSULT YOUR PROFESSIONAL TAX ADVISER.

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BUSINESS

Overview

We monetize our products and services in three primary ways:

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Value-Based Care, or VBC, in which we manage a defined subset or the entire medical costs of a member population and capture the cost savings. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, 68.4%, 32.9%, and 0.0%, respectively, of our revenue was derived from VBC arrangements.

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Clinical Services, in which our affiliated providers deliver medical consultations, typically on a FFS, or a combination of capitation fee and FFS basis under a risk-based agreement. During the years ended December 31, 2021, 2020, and 2019, 13.0%, 36.1%, and 87.5%, respectively, of our revenue was derived from clinical services.

We believe the growing global healthcare market, which has been estimated at $10 trillion and is expected to continue to grow in the coming decades, has been unable to balance the need for accessibility, quality and affordability. These challenges, facing healthcare systems in both developed and developing markets, have not been properly addressed by the current, largely reactive care delivery model, which is often country or even region specific. While this is generally referred to as “health care,” we consider it “sick care,” as we believe the traditional FFS model is designed to focus on treating patients when they are sick rather than helping them stay healthy. In an effort to address resource scarcity, new healthcare technologies have begun to emerge; however, we believe that existing digital tools, including telemedicine, simply shift the site of care but do not address the fundamental issues of when and how care is provided. The frustrations and limitations of “sick care” are spurring a movement towards VBC models, which offer a financial incentive to providers to lower the cost and improve the quality of healthcare. However, the traditional, non-digital-first, VBC model has yet to be implemented at scale, given the upfront human capital and physical infrastructure investment required with traditional care protocols.

We believe our solution reengineers the healthcare value chain by delivering a digital-first, integrated, end-to-end healthcare solution. Babylon 360 couples our digital platform with a VBC contract or other risk-based agreement with a health plan, healthcare provider or a government body and can provide managed care for our members across the care continuum. Under these agreements, we take financial responsibility for all or some of the surpluses or deficits in total actual costs under the agreement compared to our negotiated fixed per member per month, or capitation, allocation, cost estimate or similar compensation arrangement, and in some cases our financial responsibility for surpluses and deficits relative to the capitation allocation is deferred until an initial agreed upon period has elapsed. This approach aligns incentives to encourage better healthcare decision making while maintaining high clinical quality and highly-rated member experience. With Babylon 360, we make our digital-first holistic care solution available for a population of identified members. We seek to engage with our members to encourage sign-ups for and increase utilization of our platform, and when we achieve a suitable level of engagement, our digital-first approach enables our members to access the full spectrum of care services, from preventative care to consultation, treatment, rehabilitation

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and post-care, through our end-to-end digital platform. We believe that our integrated digital platform allows us to gather data and insights to continually improve our members’ experience and their care management.

We take a proactive approach to our Global Managed Care Members’ (as defined below) health by actively engaging with such members through our digital platform, clinical operations and provider networks to:

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provide actionable insights and information about their well-being so that they can set their health goals;

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help such members to monitor their health on an ongoing basis;

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intervene early to provide the right care, medication and treatment, including by connecting patients with effective medical advice, including affiliated licensed physicians;

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design a clear clinical care plan as needed for recovery and rehabilitation; and

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transition rehabilitated patients from sick care to well care.

We believe that a majority of our Global Managed Care Members’ needs can be addressed through our digital platform and, based on our experience in the U.K. with GP at Hand, approximately 1.5 in 10 members do need in-person care. When Global Managed Care Members require in-person care, we leverage our partner networks of medical professionals, existing health plan providers, and contracted physicians to provide in-person care, reducing our need to invest in resource- and capital-intensive infrastructure. In practice, this approach allows us to reduce costly Global Managed Care Members interactions with medical professionals and unnecessary acute or urgent care visits through early intervention, and proactively manage chronic conditions.

Leveraging the power of our digital-first approach, Global Managed Care Members have access to our solution to help keep them healthy and avoid emergent visits to lower the overall cost of their care. In addition, we also offer access to standalone services, including (i) software licensing through our Babylon Cloud Services offering, where we provide our digital solutions to customers that may provide care through their own medical networks and (ii) clinical services, where our affiliated providers deliver contracted medical consultations. See “— Our Go-to-Market Model — Software Licensing” and “— Our Go-to-Market Model — Clinical Services”.

As of December 31, 2021, our VBC, software licensing and/or clinical service offerings supported patients in 15 countries. We have scaled our VBC offering rapidly over the last year to become one of the largest VBC networks in the United States, with 166,518 U.S. VBC members as of December 31, 2021, and we expect to remain focused on U.S. growth. Across all of our geographies, results have been similar: our users gave us over 90% four- and five-star ratings in countries including the United Kingdom (95%), the United States (97%) and Rwanda (97%). Once a user has had a digital consultation with one of our clinicians, they have the ability to rate their experience between one and five stars, with five stars being the best and one star being the worst experience. The ratings in all regions are measured from the full year of 2021. The rating in the United States includes ratings from our FFS virtual care and Babylon VBC services.

We also have received a 96% quality score from the NHS on NHS Quality Outcome Framework (“QOF”) in 2019 and 2020. QOF is the main set of quantitative measures used by NHS and the independent quality regulator for England to assess and reward high quality. We achieved 369.1 points out of 379 points, or 97%, for the clinical domain, 93.5 points out of 106 points, or 88%, for the public health domain and 74 points out of 74 points, or 100%, for the Quality Indicator domain, receiving in total 536.6 points out of 559 points, or 96%.

Additionally, according to a peer reviewed study commissioned by us and published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, we delivered up to 35% acute care cost savings for our GP at Hand members during the relevant period. The study compared spending per patient for Babylon GP at Hand to regional average spending over a period from April 1, 2018 to March 31, 2019 in North West London, where Babylon GP at Hand is based. Moreover, according to an NHS-commissioned report published by Ipsos MORI, which looked at the use of emergency room visits by patients during each of the 12-month periods before

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and after joining Babylon GP at Hand, we achieved 25% fewer emergency room visits among our GP at Hand members during the relevant period. While we have demonstrated cost savings and reduction of emergency visits in these sample studies, there is no guarantee we will be able to replicate this in the future.

When we enter into new VBC contracts, under our business model, we seek to shift VBC member interactions into our digital-first framework. As described further under “— Our Go-to-Market Model — Value Based Care Agreements” below, this process extends over a period of months during which we incur substantial costs. Before we can interact with the VBC members, we need to ensure that sufficient capacity is established in our virtual network to support new member interactions, and must undertake initial outreach, including marketing (after any required review and approval of materials), community events, and outreach ambassadors to encourage sign-ups to the Babylon platform by our members. The ultimate goal of this initial engagement push is to schedule and complete a virtual consultation, at which point the Babylon team can continue to engage with the member regularly over time whether through interactions with our full range of digital care tools and or through additional virtual or in-person consultations with licensed medical professionals.

We believe that our member management capabilities and our members’ health outcomes will improve and our cost of care delivery expenses will decrease when our members actively engage with our digital platform. Additionally, we expect to be able to rapidly scale and responsibly care for our growing member base with minimal incremental physical infrastructure. We are driving growth by expanding our existing service with our current customers into their wider operations and markets, converting more of our customers to the holistic Babylon 360 solution, and attracting new customers to the Babylon platform.

The Market: Key Challenges and Developments

In 2019, the global healthcare market was estimated to be a $10 trillion industry, and it is expected to grow over the coming decades with the aging of the global population and the expansion of care around the world. However, we believe the global healthcare market remains beset by the following key issues that limit capacity and effectiveness of care in both developed and developing markets.

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Accessibility. Access to healthcare services is still restricted for many individuals globally. According to the WHO, more than half of the world’s population is unable to obtain access to essential health services even in countries with well-established healthcare systems. Accessibility is also an issue in developed markets — for example, many Americans have limited access to primary care, so they rely on emergency departments for acute care. In 2018, there were an estimated 130 million emergency department visits in the United States, representing an overall average of 40 visits per 100 persons, and 87 visits per 100 persons in African American populations. We believe inequities in access to health services exist not just between, but also within, countries, as national averages can mask low levels of health service coverage in disadvantaged population groups.

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Affordability. Affordability of healthcare is a problem in developed and developing markets at both a system-wide and individual level. At a macro level, expenditures on healthcare in G7 countries have increased by 44% on average in the last decade, without accompanying improvement in health outcomes, according to OECD data. Individuals also struggle with high healthcare costs: according to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 14% of Americans report problems paying medical bills. Further, unaffordable healthcare begets inaccessibility — in a 2016 OECD study, over 22% of people in the United States reported skipping medical consultations due to cost, and 43% of low-income adults reported having unmet care needs due to cost.

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Quality. Consistent delivery of quality healthcare remains a challenge across geographies, and healthcare spend does not equate to improved health outcomes. According to a 2019 OECD study, while the United States spends more on healthcare as a share of its economy than any other country (16.9% of its GDP), it has lower life expectancy than the OECD country average. Further, in low- and middle-income countries, between 5.7 and 8.4 million deaths each year (representing up to 15% of overall deaths in such countries) are attributed to poor quality care. The inadequacy of traditional healthcare has not gone unnoticed by individuals. According to a 2021 Accenture report, only one out of three people said they did not have a negative experience with a medical provider, pharmacy or hospital, with people reporting a variety of negative healthcare experiences such as their visit was

	Page
ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS		3
TRADEMARKS, TRADE NAMES AND SERVICE MARKS		3
INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA		3
SUMMARY		5
THE REGISTERED SHARES		14
SUMMARY CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL DATA		16
RISK FACTORS		19
CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS		81
MATERIAL U.S. FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS		83
MATERIAL JERSEY TAX CONSIDERATIONS		89
MATERIAL UNITED KINGDOM TAX CONSIDERATIONS		90
BUSINESS		93
USE OF PROCEEDS		130
DIVIDEND POLICY		131
CAPITALIZATION		132
MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS		133
MANAGEMENT		150
DIRECTOR AND EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION		155
CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS		164
DESCRIPTION OF SHARE CAPITAL AND ARTICLES OF ASSOCIATION		168
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION		179
BENEFICIAL OWNERSHIP OF SECURITIES		182
REGISTERED HOLDERS		184
EXPENSES OF THIS OFFERING		189
LEGAL MATTERS		190
EXPERTS		191
ENFORCEABILITY OF CIVIL LIABILITY		192
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION		193
INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS		F-1